Biodegradable or compostable containers

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an improved method and materials for forming biodegradable containers that can hold food products in dry, damp or wet conditions and provides the biodegradable containers prepared according to the disclosed process. The containers are produced through the use of a pre-gelled starch suspension that is unique in its ability to form hydrated gels and to maintain this gel structure in the presence of many other types of materials and at low temperatures.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/348,003, filed Jan. 11, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This application is in the field of biodegradable and in particularcompostable containers that can hold items in a dry, damp or wetcondition. The products are based on novel starch compositions that canform and maintain a hydrated gel at low temperatures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Materials such as paper, paperboard, plastic, polystyrene, and evenmetals are presently used in enormous quantity in the manufacture ofarticles such as containers, separators, dividers, lids, tops, cans, andother packaging materials. Modem processing and packaging technologyallows a wide range of liquid and solid goods to be stored, packaged,and shipped in packaging materials while being protected from harmfulelements, such as gases, moisture, light, microorganisms, vermin,physical shock, crushing forces, vibration, leaking, or spilling. Manyof these materials are characterized as being disposable, but actuallyhave little, if any, functional biodegradability. For many of theseproducts, the time for degradation in the environment can span decadesor even centuries.

Each year, over 100 billion aluminum cans, billions of glass bottles,and thousands of tons of paper and plastic are used in storing anddispensing soft drinks, juices, processed foods, grains, beer and otherproducts. In the United States alone, approximately 5.5 million tons ofpaper are consumed each year in packaging materials, which representsonly about 15% of the total annual domestic paper production.

Packaging materials (e.g., paper, paperboard, plastic, polystyrene,glass, or metal) are all, to varying extents, damaging to theenvironment. For example, the manufacture of polystyrene productsinvolves the use of a variety of hazardous chemicals and startingmaterials, such as benzene (a known mutagen and a probable carcinogen).Chlorofluorocarbons (or “CFCs”) have also been used in the manufactureof “blown” or “expanded” polystyrene products. CFCs have been linked tothe destruction of the ozone layer.

Due to widespread environmental concerns, there has been significantpressure on companies to discontinue the use of polystyrene products infavor—of more environmentally safe materials. Some groups have favoredthe use of products such as paper or other products made from wood pulp.However, there remain drawbacks to the sole use of paper due to thetremendous amount of energy that is required to produce it. A strongneed to find new, easily degradable materials that meet necessaryperformance standards remains.

Degradability is a relative term. Some products which appear to bedegraded merely break apart into very small pieces. These pieces arehard to see, but can still take decades or centuries to actually breakdown. Other products are made from materials which undergo a more rapidbreakdown than non-biodegradable products. If the speed of thisdegradation is such that the product will degrade within a period ofless than approximately 24 days under normal environmental conditions,the product is said to be compostable. Achievement of products made ofcompostable materials which also meet a variety of needs, such ascontainers for products in a damp or wet condition, has posed asignificant challenge.

One solution has been to make packaging materials out of baked, ediblesheets, e.g., waffles or pancakes made from a mixture of water, flourand a rising agent. Although edible sheets can be made into trays,cones, and cups which are easily decomposed, they pose a number oflimitations. For example, since fats or oils are added to the mixture topermit removal of the sheet from the baking mold, oxidation of thesefats cause the edible sheets to go rancid. In general, edible sheets arevery brittle and far too fragile to replace most articles made fromconventional materials. They are also overly sensitive to moisture andcan easily mold or decompose prior to or during their intended use.

Starch is a plentiful, inexpensive and renewable material that is foundin a large variety of plant sources, such as grains, tubers, and fruits.In many cases, starch is discarded as an unwanted byproduct of foodprocessing. Starch is readily biodegradable and does not persist in theenvironment for a significant period after disposal. Starch is also anutrient, which facilitates its breakdown and elimination from theenvironment.

Due to the biodegradable nature of starch, there have been many attemptsto incorporate it into a variety of materials. Starch has beenincorporated into multi-component compositions in various forms,including as filler and binder, as has been used as a constituent withinthermoplastic polymer blends.

Starch can be used as a binder or glue to adhere solid constituentstogether to form a heterogenous mixture of different components. At somepoint before or during the molding phase, the starch is typicallydissolved or gelatinized in an appropriate solvent, such as water, sothat the starch becomes a flowable material into which the othercomponents can be dispersed. Since native starch has a melting pointthat approaches its decomposition temperature, it is necessary to addpolar liquids or solvents to allow the starch to become molten, solvatedor otherwise liquified into a plastic state at a temperature that issafely below its decomposition temperature. Upon resolidification of thegelatinized starch, typically by removing enough of the water byevaporation so that the starch recrystallizes or otherwise dries out,the starch forms a solid or semi-solid binding matrix that can bind theremaining components together. Although many have attempted for years toperfect a starch blend that would yield an environmentally soundmaterial while, at the same time, being economical to make, such acombination has not yet been achieved.

There remains a need in the art to provide a fully compostable productthat is strong, not prone to mold or pests, and can be readily andinexpensively made. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a robustmethod to develop compostable products that can be used to hold dry, wetor damp material at a range of temperatures.

PCT Publication No. WO 99/02598, filed by Business Promotions, Inc.,describes a method for making a biodegradable product for use as acontainer for foodstuffs, including hot and cold liquids. The product ismanufactured under pressure and heat in a mold, based on a basicmaterial made of amylose-comprising flour derived from an edible cropplant, wood flour, natural wax and water. The basic material consistssubstantially of a moist granulate comprising 50-250 parts by weightflour, 10-85 parts by weight wood flour, 2-30 parts by weight naturalwax and 50-250 parts by weight water.

European Patent 0773721B1 to Coöperatieve Verkoop discloses compoundsmade of a starch suspension and a wax coating, which is baked into abase mold. The coating is made of a wax composition comprising at least50% wax and having a melting temperature of at least 40° C. The starchcomposition is preferably made by a process that includes 5-75% of astarch derivative which has a reduced swelling capacity at increasedtemperatures when compared to native starch.

PCT Publication No. WO 01/60898, filed by Novamont describes productssuch as sheets of different thicknesses and profile based ondestructured or complexed starch, which are biodegradable. Inparticular, the patent claims partly-finished products, for example afoam sheet material, comprising destructured or complexed starch foamedas a continuous phase, having a density between 20 and 150 kg/m³, celldimensions in a range between 25 and 700 μm with a cell distributionsuch that 80% of them have a dimension between 20 and 400 μm.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,170 to Cargill, Inc. describes improved starchcompositions of cross-linked cationic starch, used in the papermakingprocess. The '170 patent claims the following papermaking process: 1)providing a cationized cross-linked starch component having a hot pasteviscosity in the range of from about 200 cps to about 3000 cps asmeasured in a Brookfield viscometer at about 95° C. using a No. 21spindle; 2) cooking a first portion of the starch component to generatea cooked starch component at an average cooking temperature below 330°F. for a period of time; 3) dewatering a paper furnish (the paperfurnish including: (i) cellulosic fibers in an aqueous slurry, (ii)inorganic particles comprising at least 50 percent by weight particleshaving an average particle size of no greater than 1 micron, and (iii)the cooked starch component); and 4) adjusting the dewatering rate bycooking a second portion of the starch component at an averagetemperature at least 10° F. different than the first cookingtemperature. The fourth step in the papermaking process can also includeadjusting the first pass retention during dewatering by cooking a secondportion of the starch composition at an average temperature at least 10°F. different than the first cooking temperature.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,231 to Cargill, Inc. describes a new cationiccross-linked starch for use in papermaking in the wet end system of apaper machine using a neutral or alkaline finish. The '231 patent claimsmethods to increase starch loading capacity in a papermaking process inwhich the papermaking process has a pH of about 6 or greater. One methodis directed to adding the cationized cross-linked starch to a paperfurnish of the process prior to the conversion of the furnish to a dryweb wherein the starch is cationized to a degree of substitution on thehydroxyl groups of the starch between about 0.005 and about 0.050 andwherein after the cationization the starch is cross-linked to a hotpaste viscosity in the range of from about 500 cps to about 3000 cps asmeasured on a Brookfield viscometer at about 95° C. using a No. 21spindle. Another method is directed to adding cationized cross-linkedstarch to a paper furnish of the process in an amount effective formaking Zeta potential of the furnish about zero and wherein the starchis cationized with monovalent cations and has a degree of substitutionof monovalent cations on the hydroxyl groups of the starch between about0.005 and about 0.050 and wherein after cationization the starch iscross-linked to a hot paste viscosity in the range of from about 500 cpsto about 3000 cps as measured on a Brookfield viscometer at about 95° C.using a No. 21 spindle.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,692 and 5,462,982, both assigned to Novamont,disclose a composition for a biodegradable material which can be used athigh temperatures comprising destructured starch, a thermoplasticpolymer, and a plasticizer having a boiling point higher than 150° C. inan amount from 20 to 100% based on the weight of starch, saiddestructured-starch being obtained by destructuring starch as it is,without the addition of water. The inventors found that if a starch isdestructured as it is, with the addition of a high-boiling plasticizer(such as glycerine) and a destructuring agent (such as urea), in anextruder heated to a temperature below the boiling point of theplasticizer (but between 120 and 170° C.), destructured starchcompositions are obtained which can be mixed with polymers havingrelatively high melting points and are suitable for extrusion attemperatures higher than 120° C. at low pressure. The compositions thusobtained are particularly suitable for subsequent operations such asthermoforming and blowing.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,271 to Bio-Products International discloses amaterial that is based on a dry starch composition, having no greaterthan 30% water content; which is mixed with a mild acid in dry, powderedform (preferably malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid andsuccinic acid) at a percentage of 0.2 to 7% of the total starchcomposition. Adding a dry, powdered carbonate composition capable ofreacting with acid to generate CO₂ gas at a composition percentage of0.1 to 2% of the total starch composition and mixing and advancing theproduct with water within an extrusion barrel of the extrusion means togenerate elevated heat and pressure for converting the material to agelatinous state that can be dried and remain pliable.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,655 to National Starch and Chemical Corp. disclosesa biodegradable packaging material comprising an expanded, high amylosestarch product having at least 45% (by weight of the final material)amylose content and a low density, closed cell structure with goodresilience and compressibility. Another embodiment provides a method ofpreparing the packaging material with a total moisture content of 21% orless by weight, at a temperature of from 150 to 250° C.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,150 to Cerestar Holdings discloses a method formaking a starch-containing composition to produce a material suitablefor the production of molded articles in which the composition containsin addition to the starch a starch degradation product selected fromstarch hydrolysis products having dextrose equivalent's of 1 to 40,particularly a maltodextrin, oxidized starches and pyrodext.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,660,900, 5,868,824, and PCT Publication No. WO 96/05254filed by Khashoggi disclose compositions for manufacturing biodegradablearticles from highly inorganically filled materials having astarch-based binder. These documents describe articles of manufacturethat have high levels of the inorganic filler in a polymer matrixwithout adverse affects on the properties of the binding system. Thearticles contain a matrix of starch and at least one inorganicaggregate, present as at least about 20% by weight (or 5% by volume) ofthe final mixture. The matrix is prepared from about 10 to 80% of astarch-based binder that has been substantially gelatinized by water andthen hardened through the removal of a substantial quantity of the waterby evaporation with an inorganic aggregate dispersed throughout thestarch-bound cellular matrix. The mixture is designed with the primaryconsiderations of maximizing the inorganic components, minimizing thestarch component and solvent, and selectively modifying the viscosity toproduce articles that have the desired properties for their intendeduse.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,209 and 5,810,961, and PCT Publication No. WO97/37842, also assigned to Kashoggi Industries, disclose methods todevelop biodegradable paper and products which include a binding matrixof starch and cellulosic ether, and fibers substantially homogeneouslydispersed throughout the matrix. The '209 patent discloses aconcentration range for the starch of about 5% to about 90% by weight ofsolids in the sheet, for the cellulosic ether a range from about 0.5% toabout 10% by weight of solids, and for fibers a concentration range fromabout 3% to about 40%. Optionally, an inorganic mineral filler can beadded. Sheets produced using this biodegradable material having athickness less than about 1 cm and a density greater than about 0.5g/cm³ are described.

PCT Publication No. WO 01/51557, also filed by Khashoggi, is directed tocompositions and methods for manufacturing thermoplastic starchcompositions having a particulate filler (present in an amount greaterthan about 15% by weight of the thermoplastic starch) and, optionally,fiber reinforcement. Native starch granules are made thermoplastic bymixing and heating in the presence of an appropriate plasticizer(including somewhat polar solvents such as water or glycerin) to form astarch melt. The starch melt is then blended with one or more non-starchmaterials in order to improve the properties and reduce the cost of theresulting thermoplastic starch composition. A particulate fillercomponent is thereafter blended with the starch melt, preferably aninexpensive, naturally occurring mineral particulate filler (“inorganicfiller”), included in an amount greater than about 15% by weight of thethermoplastic starch composition. In addition, this reference disclosesa composition comprising a thermoplastic starch melt having a watercontent of less than about 5% by weight while in a melted state, whereinat least one plasticizer has a vapor pressure of less than about 1 barwhen in a melted state and in which a solid particulate filler phase isdispersed and included in an amount from about 5% to about 95% byweight. An additional embodiment discloses dispersion of a solidparticulate filler phase in an amount from about 5% to about 95% byweight of the thermoplastic starch composition and a fibrous phase in aconcentration of from about 3% to about 70% by weight.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,857 to Khashoggi Industries discloses a starch-boundsheet having a thickness less than about 1 cm and a density greater thanabout 0.5 g/cm³ comprising: (a) a binding matrix including starch and anauxiliary water-dispersible organic polymer, wherein the starch has aconcentration greater than about 5% by weight of total solids in thesheet; and (b) fibers substantially homogeneously dispersed throughoutthe starch-bound sheet; and optionally an inorganic mineral filler.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,341, 5,683,772, 5,709,827, and 5,679,145 and PCTpublication No. WO 97/2333, assigned to Khashoggi Industries, disclosestarch-based compositions that can be used in making containers. U.S.'341 and '145 teach methods for dispersing fibers within a fibrouscomposition comprising the steps of: (a) combining together water,fibers, and a thickening agent such that the thickening agent (such as apregelatinized starch) and water interact together to form a fluidfraction that is characterized by a yield stress and viscosity thatenables the fibers to be substantially uniformly dispersed throughoutthe fibrous composition as the fibers and fluid fraction are mixedtogether, the fibers having an average length greater than about 2 mmand an average aspect ratio greater than about 25:1; and (b) mixingtogether the combined thickening agent, water, and fibers in order tosubstantially uniformly disperse the fibers throughout the fibrouscomposition. The thickening agent is included in an amount in a rangefrom about 5% to about 40% by weight of the fluid fraction. Theinventive method involves a fluid system that is able to impart shearfrom a mechanical mixing apparatus down to the fiber level in order toobtain a starch-based composition having substantially uniformlydispersed fibers. U.S. patent '772 additionally discloses an inorganicfiller to enhance the strength and flexibility of the articles. '827additionally discloses methods to make the article of manufacture thatis developed from mixtures including fibers having an average aspectratio greater than about 25:1. The '341, '772, '827, and '145 patentsand WO 97/2333 application disclose high aspect ratios (i.e., about 25:1or greater) and long-length (i.e., at least about 2 mm) fibers toreinforce the structure. PCT publication No. WO 97/23333 disclosesarticles that contain high starch contents (from about 50% to about 88%by weight ungelatinized and about 12% to about 50% by weight ofgelatinized starch).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,000 to Omnova Solutions discloses a method toimprove the strength of paper by adding an aqueous cationic starchdispersion modified with a blocked glyoxal resin to a paper pulp slurry.The starch dispersion is prepared by gelatinizing an aqueous suspensionof starch granules (including potato, corn, waxy corn, red and whitemilo, wheat and tapioca, thin-boiling starches, and starches that havebeen additionally chemically modified) and reacting the starch with ablocked glyoxal resin at temperatures of at least 70° C., preferably 85to 95° C. Suitable blocked glyoxal resins which can be used with theinvention include cyclic urea/glyoxal/polyol condensates, polyol/glyoxalcondensates, urea or cyclic urea/glyoxal condensates and glycol/glyoxalcondensates in an amount from about 3% to about 30%, preferably 9 to20%, of the total dry weight of starch. The resulting gelatinized starchcomposition can be cooled and stored, or directly added to a dilutepaper pulp slurry to increase the tensile strength and elasticity of theresulting paper product.

PCT Publication No. WO 01/05892 filed by Kim & Kim describes methods formanufacturing plastic-substitute goods by using natural materials bypreparing a glue made by mixing 20% by weight of a starch and 80% byweight of water together, heating this mixture; washing and drying ricehusks to a drying extent of 98%; mixing the glue and the rice huskstogether so as to form a mixture of the glue and the rice husks, dryingthem to a drying extent of 98%, and crushing them to a size range of0.01-0.1 mm. Then, mixing 80% by final weight of the mixture of the glueand the rice husks, 5% by final weight water, and 15% by final weight ofrosin to form a final mixture; and molding the final mixture using amolding machine at a temperature of 100-350° C. under a pressure of 5kg/cm at a production frequency of 30-80 seconds per product.

PCT Publication No. WO 02/083386 also filed by Kim & Kim describesmethods for manufacturing plastic-substitute goods by using naturalmaterials using a starch-based glue and melamine resin. Melamine or urearesin is a thermosetting resin which is formed by reaction of melamineor urea acting upon formaldehyde. The products are manufactured by firstpreparing a mixture of 20% by weight of a starch and 80% by weight ofwater, heating this mixture; washing and drying rice husks to a dryingextent of 98%; mixing the glue and the rice husks together so as to forma mixture of the glue and the rice husks, drying them to a drying extentof 98%, and crushing them to a size range of 0.01-0.1 mm. Melamine resinis obtained by a process of first, mixing 30% by weight of formaldehydesolution and 70% by weight of water, 30% by weight of melamine or ureaand heating the mixture at a temperature of 350° C. A mixture is thenmade of 70% by final weight of the mixture of the glue and the ricehusks, 15% by weight of water, and 15% by weight of melamine resin toform a final mixture. The final mixture is molded by a molding machineat a temperature of 100 350° C. under a pressure of 5 kg/cm at a production frequency of 30-80 seconds per product.

U.S. Publication No. US 2002/0108532 and PCT Publication No. WO 00/39213filed by Apack AG disclose methods to produce a shaped body made ofbiodegradable material that shows good expansion behavior duringthermoforming from 7.6 to 8.5% by weight of cellulosic fibers, from 16.1to 17.6% by weight of native starch, from 5.4 to 6% by weight ofpregelatinized starch and from 68.0 to 70.6% by weight of water. First,the pregelatinized starch is produced by mixing between 5.4-6% starchand 94-94.6% water, heating the mixture to 68-70° C., holding themixture constant at 68-70° C. for 10 minutes, and cooling thepregelatinized starch to 50° C. Then, adding the 16.1 to 17.6% by weightof native starch, 7.6 to 8.5% by weight of cellulosic fibers, and 68.0to 70.6% by weight of water to the pregelatinized solution at atemperature of 50° C.; mixing for 5 minutes to achieve a homogeneousmixture at 40° C., not allowing the mixture to substantially cool, andplacing the mixture in a baking mold, and baking the mixture at 100-200°C. for 10-100 seconds to form the shaped body.

German patent DE 19,706,642 to Apack Verpackungen Gmbh discloses theproduction of a biodegradable article from 25-75% fibers, 13-38% starchand 13-38% water. First, the 25-75% fibers, 13-38% starch are mixed in adry state in a continuous process; then water is admixed continuously.The mixture is then subjected to a baking process to obtain the finishedmolded article, and then the molded article is coated with abiologically degradable film that is impermeable to humidity.

Although numerous attempts have been made to provide suitablebiodegradable and compostable materials for packaging, the resultingsubstances are not ideal. The currently available materials eithercannot successfully be used to package materials, particularly thosethat are wet, or do not effectively degrade under normal environmentalconditions. A need exists to develop materials that will reduce thebuild up of disposed, slowly degrading materials, and to limit theenvironmental damage caused by toxic chemicals used in the production ofpackaging materials.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a robustprocess and materials for the production of an efficiently biodegradablecontainer.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a materialsand a process for producing a biodegradable container that can holdproducts in dry, wet or damp conditions.

It is another object of the present invention to provide material and aprocess to produce biodegradable containers through the use of apregelatinized starch solution that is stable at a wide range oftemperatures.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process andmaterial to produce biodegradable containers through the use of apregelatinized paper starch solution that is stable at a wide range oftemperatures.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a process andmaterial to produce biodegradable containers from a wide range ofmaterials.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a processand material to produce biodegradable containers under a wide range ofenvironmental conditions.

It is still another object of the present invention to providebiodegradable and compostable products.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an improved method and materials forforming biodegradable containers that can hold food products in dry,damp or wet conditions. The containers are produced through the use of apre-gelled starch suspension that is unique in its ability to formhydrated gels and to maintain this gel structure in the presence of manyother types of materials and at low temperatures. In addition, thispre-gelled starch has the ability to melt into plastic like materials atrelatively low temperatures in the presence of a wide range of materialsunder varying environmental conditions. Further, this pre-gelledmaterial allows for the development of containers with high bindingstrengths and open cell structures to provide insulation andcross-linking of components.

One aspect of the present invention is a process for forming abiodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension that is maintained at lowtemperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between 0-40°C.;

(b) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension a dry or damp,homogeneous mixture containing at least wood fibers having an aspectratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8 (width:length) to form ahomogenous moldable composition; and

(c) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a process for forming abiodegradable container by:

(a) forming a first pre-gelled starch suspension that is maintained at alow temperature, for example, preferably 0-60° C., most preferablybetween 0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8), a second pre-gelled starch suspension,and/or a native starch to form a homogenous mixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension the dry or damp,homogeneous mixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention is a process for forminga biodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension (the pre-gel) produced fromapproximately 3-10% potato starch by weight of the pre-gel andapproximately 90-97% water by weight of the pre-gel such that thepre-gelled suspension is maintained at low temperatures, for example,preferably 0-60° C., most preferably between 0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8), a pre-gelled starch suspension produced fromapproximately 15% corn starch (by weight of the pre-gel) andapproximately 85% water by weight of the pre-gel, and a native starch(for example approximately 50-70%, or, more specifically, 57-65.8%, cornstarch (by weight of the homogenous moldable composition) orapproximately 2-15% or, more specifically, 3-5% potato starch (by weightof the homogenous moldable composition)) to form a homogeneous mixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled potato starch suspension the homogeneousmixture to form a final homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

Another aspect of the present invention is a process for forming abiodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled paper starch suspension that is maintained atlow temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between0-40° C.;

(b) adding to the pre-gelled paper starch suspension a dry or damp,homogeneous mixture containing at least wood fibers having an aspectratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8 (width:length) to form ahomogeneous moldable composition; and

(c) molding the homogeneous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to a process forforming a biodegradable container by:

(a) forming a first pre-gelled paper starch suspension that ismaintained at low temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C.,preferably between 0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8), and a native starch(s) to form a homogeneousmixture;

(c) adding to the first pre-gelled starch suspension the homogenousmixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed to a processfor forming a biodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension produced from approximately2-15% potato starch (by weight of the pre-gel), preferably about 2.5, 5,10, or 15%; approximately 5-10% paper pulp (by weight of the pre-gel),preferably about 5.9-8%; and approximately 75-95% water (by weight ofthe pre-gel) such that the pre-gelled suspension is maintained at lowtemperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between 0-40°C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8, preferably between 1:2 and 1:4), native cornstarch and native potato starch to form a homogeneous mixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled potato starch suspension the homogeneousmixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In other embodiments, the following materials can be added to the woodfibers to form a homogeneous mixture:

(i) waxes, fatty alcohols, phospholipids or other high molecular weightbiochemicals, such as glycerol, for example between approximately 1-5%or, more specifically, 2.6-3.7% glycerol (by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition);

(ii) approximately 0.5-20% water (by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition), preferably about 0.5-10%, 0.5-11% 0.5-12%, 10 or 20%;

(iii) baking powder, for example between approximately 0.1-15% by weightof the homogenous moldable composition, preferably about 0.42, 1 or 12%;and/or

(iv) additional materials, such as up to approximately 5% by weight ofthe homogenous moldable composition of natural earth fillers, forexample, clays such as bentonite, amorphous raw products such as gypsumand calcium sulfate, minerals such as limestone, or man made materialssuch as fly-ash.

In still other embodiments, the process comprises the steps of:

(a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension or paper starch suspensionthat is maintained at a low temperature, for example, preferably fromabout 0-60° C., most preferably from about 0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8) and (i) dry or damp starch, such as cornstarch; (ii) pre-gelled starch, such as a pre-gelled corn starchproduced from approximately 15% corn starch (by weight of the pre-gel)and 85% water; (iii) waxes, fatty alcohols, phospholipids and other highmolecular weight biochemicals, such as glycerol, for example betweenapproximately 1-5% glycerol (by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition); (iv) approximately 0.5-20% water, preferably about0.5-10%, 0.5-11% 0.5-12%, 10 or 20% (by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition); (v) baking powder, for example betweenapproximately 0.1-15% (by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition), preferably 0.42, 1 or 12%; and/or (vi) additionalmaterials, such as up to approximately 5%, 0-4%, 0-13%, 2-13%, or 0-15%by weight of the homogenous moldable composition of natural earthfillers, for example, clays such as bentonite, amorphous raw productssuch as gypsum and calcium sulfate, minerals such as limestone, and manmade materials such as fly-ash to form a homogeneous mixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension the dry or damp,homogeneous mixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In one embodiment, the pre-gelled starch suspension is produced fromapproximately 2.5-15% starch (by weight of the pre-gel), such as potatoor corn starch, and from approximately 85-97.5% of water by weight ofthe homogenous moldable composition. In another embodiment, thepre-gelled starch suspension is produced from approximately 2.5-5.5%starch and from approximately 94.5-97.5% water (by weight of thepre-gel). In preferred embodiments, the pre-gelled starch suspension isproduced from approximately 2.5-10% potato starch, more preferably 3%,5%, 7.5% or 10% potato starch, and 90, 92.5, 95 or 97% water (by weightof the pre-gel). In another preferred embodiment, the pre-gelled starchsuspension is produced from approximately 15% corn starch (by weight ofthe pre-gel).

In another embodiment, the pregelled paper starch solution is producedfrom approximately 5-10% paper pulp (by weight of the pre-gel),preferably 5.9-8%, more preferably, 7.3-7.5, 6.5-6.7, or 5.9-6.1%;approximately 5-15%, preferably 10% potato or other natural starch (suchas corn starch), and approximately 75-90% water (by weight of thepre-gel).

In one embodiment, the native starch can be corn starch or potatostarch. In another embodiment potato starch and corn starch can be usedtogether. In a further embodiment, the corn starch can compriseapproximately 4-18%, preferably from 4.45-17.9%, or from about 5-35% byweight of the homogenous moldable composition, preferably, 4, 5, 6, 13,15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31 or 34%.

In a still further embodiment, the wood fibers or flour can compriseapproximately 11-24%, preferably 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, or 23.3% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition thatcontains the pregelled starch solution. In an alternate embodiment, thewood fibers or flour can comprise approximately 7-11%, preferably 7, 8,9, 10 or 11%, by weight of the homogenous moldable composition thatcontains the pregelled paper starch solution. The wood fibers or flourcan have an aspect ratio, width to length of between approximately 1:2and 1:10, 1:2 and 1:9, 1:2 and 1:8, 1:2 and 1:7, 1:2 and 1:6, 1:2 and1:5, 1:2 and 1:4, 1:2 and 1:3, or a fraction thereof, for example aratio of between 1:2 and 1:9.9.

In another embodiment, the containers which are formed using the methodof the invention are efficiently biodegradable, preferablydisintegrating to component parts in less than one year. In anotherembodiment, the containers are compostable, disintegrating to componentmolecules in less than six months, preferably in less than approximately24 days.

In further embodiments, pressure can also be used in combination oralternation with heat to mold the biodegradable container. Any amount ofpressure can be used that achieves the desired product, for example,pressure between approximately 2-3 psi may be appropriate. Likewise, anyamount of heat may be used that achieves the desired result. Forexample, in one embodiment, the heat used to mold the biodegradablecontainers is between approximately 150-250° C., preferably 195-225° C.,most preferably 215° C.

In another embodiment, the container can be coated with any suitableliquid-resistant coating. Examples include, but are not limited to,coatings such as PROTECoat (from New Coat, Inc.), Zein® (a biodegradablematerial isolated from corn); polylactic acid (PLA, a polymer of lacticacid from fermentation feed stock); poly hydroxyalkanoates (PHA, frommicrobial fermentation); bacterial cellulose; chitosan based polymers(for example from shell fish wastes); or waxes and oil based coatings.These materials can be applied either as a thin film or can besprayed/dipped onto the product. Bonding processes for application ofthin films of water-resistant material are known in the art.

In one embodiment, a method is provided for creating a waterproofcontainer by:

(a) forming a first pre-gelled starch suspension that is maintained atlow temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8), and wax, fatty alcohol, phospholipids orother high molecular weight biochemicals, such as glycerol;

(c) adding to the first pre-gelled starch suspension the homogeneousmixture containing the wood fiber and other material;

(d) molding the homogeneous composition with heat to form abiodegradable container; and

(e) coating the container with a liquid-resistant coating, such asPROTECoat (from New Coat, Inc.), Zein® (a biodegradable materialisolated from corn); poly lactic acid (PLA, a polymer of lactic acidfrom fermentation feed stock); poly hydroxyalkanoates (PHA, frommicrobial fermentation); bacterial cellulose; chitosan based polymers(for example from shell fish wastes); or waxes and oil based coatings.

In another embodiment, it is recognized that to facilitate the coatingof the molded article, as well as for other specific indications, suchas decreasing the residual odor of wood in the final product, the amountof paper pulp can be increased to 50%, or 30-50%, by weight of the finalmixture, and the amount of wood flour or fiber can be decreased to 0%.

In a further embodiment, a vacuum can be used to form a film around themolded article. When using a vacuum to form a film around the moldedarticle, it is recognized that increasing the levels of wood flour/fiberand/or paper pulp can facilitate the vacuuming process. In oneembodiment, the wood flour/fiber and/or paper pulp levels can beincreased to 30, 40 or 50% by weight of the final mixture.

Thus, in an alternate aspect of the present invention, a process isprovided for forming a biodegradable container by:

(a) forming a paper starch suspension, wherein the paper pulp that ismaintained at low temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C.,preferably between 0-40° C.; and

(b) molding the homogeneous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In one embodiment, a process is provided for forming a biodegradablecontainer by:

(a) forming a paper starch suspension, wherein the pregelled paperstarch solution is produced from up to approximately 50, 60, 75, 85 or90% paper pulp (by weight of the pre-gel) and approximately 5-15%,preferably 10% potato or other natural starch (such as corn starch), andapproximately 5-90% water (by weight of the pre-gel), and wherein thepaper pulp that is maintained at low temperatures, for example, between0-60° C., preferably between 0-40° C.; and

(b) molding the homogeneous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process forforming a biodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled paper starch suspension that is maintained atlow temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together (i) 0-24% wood fibers or flour (having an aspectratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8) by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition; (ii) dry or damp starch, such as corn starch;(iii) pre-gelled starch, such as a pre-gelled corn starch produced fromapproximately 15% corn starch (by weight of the pre-gel) and 85% water;(iv) waxes, fatty alcohols, phospholipids and other high molecularweight biochemicals, such as glycerol, for example between approximately1-5% glycerol (by weight of the homogenous moldable composition); (v)approximately 0.5-20% water, preferably about 0.5-10%, 0.5-11% 0.5-12%,10 or 20% (by weight of the homogenous moldable composition); (vi)baking powder, for example between approximately 0.1-15% (by weight ofthe homogenous moldable composition), preferably 0.42, 1 or 12%; and/or(vii) additional materials, such as up to approximately 5%, 0-4%, 0-13%,2-13%, or 0-15% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition ofnatural earth fillers, for example, clays such as bentonite, amorphousraw products such as gypsum and calcium sulfate, minerals such aslimestone, and man made materials such as fly-ash to form a homogeneousmixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension the dry or damp,homogeneous mixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In a further embodiment, a process is provided for forming abiodegradable container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled paper starch suspension that is maintained atlow temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C., preferably between0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together (i) 0-24% wood fibers or flour (having an aspectratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8) by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition; (ii) dry or damp starch, such as corn starch;(iii) pre-gelled starch, such as a pre-gelled corn starch produced fromapproximately 15% corn starch (by weight of the pre-gel) and 85% water;(iv) waxes, fatty alcohols, phospholipids and other high molecularweight biochemicals, such as glycerol, for example between approximately1-5% glycerol (by weight of the homogenous moldable composition); (v)approximately 0.5-20% water, preferably about 0.5-10%, 0.5-11% 0.5-12%,10 or 20% (by weight of the homogenous moldable composition); (vi)baking powder, for example between approximately 0.1-15% (by weight ofthe homogenous moldable composition), preferably 0.42, 1 or 12%; and/or(vii) additional materials, such as up to approximately 5%, 0-4%, 0-13%,2-13%, or 0-15% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition ofnatural earth fillers, for example, clays such as bentonite, amorphousraw products such as gypsum and calcium sulfate, minerals such aslimestone, and man made materials such as fly-ash to form a homogeneousmixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension the dry or damp,homogeneous mixture to form a homogenous moldable composition;

(d) molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container; and

(e) coating the container with a liquid-resistant coating, such asPROTECoat (from New Coat, Inc.), Zein® (a biodegradable materialisolated from corn); poly lactic acid (PLA, a polymer of lactic acidfrom fermentation feed stock); poly hydroxyalkanoates (PHA, frommicrobial fermentation); bacterial cellulose; chitosan based polymers(for example from shell fish wastes); or waxes and oil based coatings.

It is recognized that in any embodiment of the present invention, paperpulp can be substituted for wood fibers/flour.

In another embodiment, a process is provided for creating an open cellfoam container by:

(a) forming a first pre-gelled starch suspension that is maintained at alow temperature, for example, preferably from 0-60° C., most preferablyfrom 040° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8), a second pre-gelled starch suspension toform a homogeneous composition, and a source of gas, such as a source ofcarbon dioxide gas;

(c) adding to the first pre-gelled starch suspension a dry or damp,homogeneous mixture containing the wood fibers and second pre-gelledstarch; and

(d) molding the homogeneous composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention is directed to a processfor forming an open cell foam container by:

(a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension produced from approximately3-5% potato starch (by weight of the pre-gel) and approximately 95-97%water (by weight of the pre-gel) such that the pre-gelled suspension ismaintained at low temperatures, for example, between 0-60° C.,preferably between 0-40° C.;

(b) mixing together wood fibers or flour (having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:3), a second pre-gelled starch suspension (thesecond pre-gel) produced from approximately 15% corn starch (by weightof the second pre-gel) and approximately 85% water (by weight of thesecond pre-gel), and baking powder, for example between 0.42-12% bakingpowder (by weight of the homogeneous moldable composition) to form ahomogeneous mixture;

(c) adding to the pre-gelled potato starch suspension a homogeneousmixture containing the wood fibers and pre-gelled corn starch to form ahomogeneous moldable composition; and

(d) molding the homogeneous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable container.

The processes described herein will produce biodegradable containersthat are formed from different combinations of materials by weight. Forexample, containers can be formed from approximately 16-61% pre-gelledpotato starch suspension (by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition) and approximately 11-37% (or 11-15%) wood fibers or flour(by weight of the homogenous moldable composition). In addition, variouscombinations of other materials can be added to the wood fibers or flourto produce a homogenous mixture before mixing it with the pre-gelledstarch suspension, including, but not limited to:

(i) approximately 57-66% pre-gelled corn starch suspension (by weight ofthe homogenous moldable composition) (suspension formed fromapproximately 5-15% corn starch (by weight of the pre-gel) andapproximately 85-95% water by weight of the pre-gel);

(ii) approximately 4-35% native starch (by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition), for example 3-5% (preferably 3.7% or 4.2%) nativepotato starch, and/or 15.4-34.4% native corn starch;

(iii) approximately 1-5% glycerol (by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition);

(iv) up to approximately 10 or 20% water (by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition);

(v) approximately 0.1-15% baking powder (by weight of the homogenousmoldable composition);

(vi) less than approximately 5% natural materials (by weight of thehomogenous moldable composition), such as bentonite clay.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The term “sheet” as used herein refers to any substantially flat,corrugated, curved, bent, or textured sheet made using the methodsdescribed herein. The sheets can also include organic coatings,printing, other sheets laminated thereto. The sheets within the scope ofthe present invention can have greatly varying thicknesses depending onthe particular applications for which the sheets are intended. Thesheets can be as thin as about 0.001 mm or as thick as 1 cm or greaterwhere strength, durability, and or bulk are important considerations.

The term “film” is not inherently different from the term “sheet” exceptthat “film” normally denotes a very thin sheet. Films are often formedby processes that are different from how sheets are normally formed,such as by film blowing rather than sheet calendering. In general, filmswill be defined as sheet-like articles having thicknesses as low asabout 1 micron and up to about 1 mm.

The term “molded article” shall refer to articles that are shapeddirectly or indirectly from starch compositions using any molding methodknown in the art.

The term “container” as used in this specification and the appendedclaims is intended to include any article, receptacle, or vesselutilized for storing, dispensing, packaging, portioning, or shippingvarious types of products or objects (including, but not limited to,food and beverage products). Specific examples of such containersinclude, among others, boxes, cups, “clam shells,” jars, bottles,plates, bowls, trays, cartons, cases, crates, cereal boxes, frozen foodboxes, milk cartons, bags, sacks, carriers for beverage containers,dishes, egg cartons, lids, straws, envelopes, or other types of holders.In addition to integrally formed containers, containment products usedin conjunction with containers are also intended to be included withinthe definition “container”. Such articles include, for example, lids,liners, straws, partitions, wrappers, cushioning materials, utensils,and any other product used in packaging, storing, shipping, portioning,serving, or dispensing an object within a container.

As used herein, the term “dry or damp” refers to a solid compositionthat can be dry, or can be moist or wetted, generally with water,although other solvents may be used. The amount of liquid in thecomposition is not sufficient to act as a carrier between particles inthe composition.

As used herein, the term “homogeneous mixture” refers to mixtures ofsolid particulates or of solids in a liquid carrier which aresubstantially uniform in composition on a macroscopic scale. It will beappreciated that mixtures of different types of solid particles or ofsolids in a liquid carrier are not homogeneous when viewed on amicroscopic scale, i.e., as the particle size level.

Pre-Gelled Starch Suspensions

The starch component can include any known starch material, includingone or more unmodified starches, modified starches, and starchderivatives. Preferred starches can include most any unmodified starchthat is initially in a native state as a granular solid and which willform a thermoplastic melt by mixing and heating. Starch is typicallyconsidered a natural carbohydrate chain comprising polymerized glucosemolecules in an alpha-(1,4) linkage and is found in nature in the formof granules. Such granules are easily liberated from the plant materialsby known processes. Starches used in forming the pre-gelled starchsuspension used in the method of the invention desirably possess thefollowing properties: the ability to form hydrated gels and to maintainthis gel structure in the presence of many types of other materials; andthe ability to melt into plastic-like materials at low temperatures, forexample, between 0-75° C., preferably between 0-65° C., and in thepresence of a wide range of materials and in moist environments and toexhibit high binding strengths and produce an open cell structure forboth insulation and cross linking of components. The preferred sourcesof starch for pregels are cereal grains (e.g., corn, waxy corn, wheat,sorghum, rice, and waxy rice, which can also be used in the flour andcracked state), tubers (potato), roots (tapioca (i.e., cassaya andmaniac), sweet potato, and arrowroot), modified corn starch, and thepith of the sago palm.

While not intending to be bound to any specific mechanistic explanationfor the desirable properties observed when the method of the inventionis employed, it is believed that the gel property holds other componentsin suspension until the product can be molded and to hold the moisturelevels constant within the mixture until and during molding. The secondproperty is evident in the transition in the mold of the gel structureinto a drier and dried form that will then melt into the bindingplastic-like product within the confines of the mold. This complex threedimensional cross linked structure is the backbone for the product,exhibiting both strength and insulation properties. The pre-gelledstarch is prepared by mixing the starch with water (for example atlevels of approximately 2% to 15% by weight of the pre-gel, preferablyat least 2.5%, 3%, 5%, 10%, or 15%) at about ambient temperature(approximately 25° C.). The gel is formed by slowly heating thewater-starch mixture with constant agitation until a gel forms.Continued heating will slowly degrade the gel, so the process should bestopped as soon as an appropriate level of gelation is achieved. Gelscan be used cold. The gel is stable for a few days if refrigerated. Forstorage a biocide can be added, preferably at a concentration of about10 to about 500 ppm.

Preferred starch-based binders are those that gelate and produce a highviscosity at a relatively low temperature. For example, potato starchquickly gelates and reaches a maximum viscosity at about 65° C. Theviscosity then decreases, reaching a minimum at about 95° C. Wheatstarch acts in a similar fashion and can also be used. Such starch-basedbinders are valuable in producing thin-walled articles having a smoothsurface and a skin with sufficient thickness and density to impart thedesired mechanical properties.

In general, starch granules are insoluble in cold water; however, if theouter membrane has been broken by, e.g., by grinding, the granules canswell in cold water to form a gel. When the intact granules are treatedwith warm water, the granules swell and a portion of the soluble starchdiffuses through the granule wall to form a paste. In hot water, thegranules swell to such an extent that they burst, resulting in gelationof the mixture. The exact temperature at which a starch swells andgelates depends on the type of starch. Gelation is a result of thelinear amylose polymers, which are initially compressed within thegranules, stretching out and cross-linking with each other and with theamylopectin. After the water is removed, the resulting mesh ofinter-connected polymer chains forms a solid material that can have atensile strength up to about 40-50 MPa. The amylose polymers can also beused to bind individual aggregate particles and fibers within themoldable mixture.

It is possible to reduce the amount of water in starch melts byreplacing the water inherently found in starch with an appropriate lowvolatile plasticizer capable of causing starch to melt below itsdecomposition temperature, such as glycerin, polyalkylene oxides,mono-and diacetates of glycerin, sorbitol, other sugar alcohols, andcitrates. This can allow for improved processability, greater mechanicalstrength, better dimensional stability over time, and greater ease inblending the starch melt with other polymers.

Water can be removed before processing by using starch that has beenpre-dried so as to remove at least a portion of the natural watercontent. Alternatively, water can removed during processing by degassingor venting the molten mixture, such as by means of an extruder equippedwith venting or degassing means. Native starch can also initially beblended with a small quantity of water and glycerin in order to formstarch melts that are subjected to a degassing procedure prior tocooling and solidification in order to remove substantially all of thewater therefrom.

In one aspect of the present invention, the pre-gelled starch suspensionis produced from approximately 3-10%, preferably, 3, 5, 7.5 or 10%,starch by weight of the pre-gel, preferably, potato starch, and 90-97%water by weight of the pre-gel such that the pre-gelled suspension ismaintained at low temperatures. In one embodiment, the pre-gelled starchsolution can be maintained at all temperatures above freezing, 0° C. Inanother embodiment, the pregelled starch solution can be maintained forgreater that 24 hours, up to a few days, if stored refrigerated, forexample, between 3-15° C.

In another aspect of the present invention, a pre-gelled paper starchsuspension is produced from approximately 5-15%, preferably 10%, starch(by weight of the pre-gel), preferably potato starch; 5-10% paper pulp(by weight of the pre-gel), preferably 5.9-8%, more preferably, 7.3-7.5,6.5-6.7, or 5.9-6.1%; and 75-92.5% water (by weight of the pre-gel),such that the pre-gelled suspension is maintained at low temperatures.In one embodiment, the pregelled paper starch solution can be maintainedat all temperatures above freezing, 0° C. In another embodiment, thepregelled paper starch solution can be maintained for greater that 24hours, up to a few days, if stored refrigerated, for example, between3-15° C.

Paper Pulp

In one aspect of this invention, prepulped paper is mixed with thepregel. The preferred amount of paper pulp added is in the range of5-10% by weight of the pre-gel, preferably 5.9-8%, more preferably,7.3-7.5, 6.5-6.7, or 5.9-6.1%. The prepulped paper can be mixed with5-15%, preferably 10% potato or other natural starch (such as cornstarch), and 75-90% water, for example, 580 gm water, 57.5 gm dry potatostarch, and 42.31 gm paper pulp. The mixture is stirred at slow rpmwhile increasing the temperature to 60-70° C., after which premixed dryingredients (wood flour (preferably 5-10% (w/w) with an aspect ratio of1:8; 1:9.9; 1:9 or 1:5), native potato starch (preferably 10-15% (byweight)) and/or native corn starch (preferably 10-20% (by weight)) canbe added.

Paper pulp for this invention can be produced by any method known in theart. Paper pulp is a fibrous material produced by mechanically orchemically reducing woody plants into their component parts from which,pulp, paper and paperboard sheets are formed after proper slushing andtreatment, or used for dissolving purposes (Lavigne, J R “Pulp & PaperDictionary” 1993: Miller Freeman Books, San Francisco). Cellulose pulpproduction is a process that utilizes mainly arboreal species fromspecialized cultivations. To produce the paper pulp, wood, typicallyreduced to dimensions of about 30-40 mm and a thickness of about 5-7 mm,is treated at high temperature and pressure with suitable mixes ofchemical reagents that selectively attack lignin and hemicellulosemacromolecules, rendering them soluble. Pulps coming from this firsttreatment, commonly called “cooking”, are called “raw pulps”; they stillcontain partly modified lignin and are more or less Havana-browncolored. Raw pulps can be submitted to further chemical-physicaltreatments suitable to eliminate almost entire lignin molecules andcolored molecules in general; this second operation is commonly referredto as “bleaching”. For this process, rapid growth ligneous plants aremainly used, which, with the help of chemical substances (alkali oracids), in condition of high pressure and temperature, are selectivelydelignified to obtain pulps containing cellulose and other components oflignocellulose. These pulps are then submitted to mechanical andchemical-physical treatments, in order to complete the removal of ligninand hemicellulose residual components, and utilized thereafter for paperproduction. Any of form of paper pulp can be used in the packagingmaterials described herein.

Dry or Damp Starch

After formation of a pregel, dry or damp materials can be added (such asfibers, flour, pulp, or dry starches) to produce the final moldablemixture. The dry or damp materials can be pre-mixed before addition tothe pregel, to increase the homogeneity of the final product andincrease the structural integrity of the final molded product.Preferably, the amount of pregel added to the final mixture is in therange of about 7-60% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.Preferably, the pregel is about at least 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 16%,16.3%, 25%, 33%, 42%, 47%, 54%, 50%, 52%, 55%, 56%, 60% or 60.4% byweight of the homogenous moldable composition.

One component in the dry/damp material that can be added to thepre-gelled starch is a dry or damp starch binder component. This starchcan be corn or other dry starch (for example potato, rice or wheatstarch). Pre-gelatinized starch-based binders can also be added to themoldable mixture. Pregelatinized starch-based binders are starches thathave previously been gelated, dried, and ground back into a powder.Since pre-gelatinized starch-based binders gelate in cold water, suchstarch-based binders can be added to the moldable mixture to increasethe mixture viscosity prior to being heated. The increased viscosityprevents settling and helps produce thicker cell walls. This starchcomponent can be pre-gelled in a manner similar to that describes above.For example, the second starch component can be pregelled in a mixtureof between about 1 and 15% starch (for example 15% corn starch) and85-99% water. In these cases additional dry starch can be added asnecessary to the homogeneous mixture to adsorb excess water. If thepregelled second starch is still damp, the preferred amount to be addedis in the range of 55-65% by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition, most preferably about 57% or about 65%.

The concentration of the native starch binder within the moldablemixtures of the present invention are preferably in a range from about5% to about 60% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition, morepreferably in a range from about 15% to about 30%, and most preferablyabout at least 6%, 20%, 21%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, or 34%by weight of the homogenous moldable composition. Furthermore,combinations of different starches can be employed to more carefullycontrol the viscosity; of the mixture throughout a range oftemperatures, as well as to affect the structural properties of thefinal hardened article. For example, the mixture can consist of amixture of dry or damp corn and potato starch (16-44% of corn and potatostarch by weight of the homogenous moldable composition), such that thecorn starch comprises between about 13-30%, preferably between about13-18% or 28-30%, and the potato starch comprises between about 3-14%,preferably approximately 11-14% or 3-5% of the final homogenous moldablecomposition.

Starch is produced in many plants, and many starches can be suitable,however, as with the starch used in the pre-gel, preferred sources ofstarches are seeds of cereal grains (e.g., corn, waxy corn, wheat,sorghum, rice, and waxy rice), which can be used in the flour andcracked state. Other sources of starch include tubers (potato), roots(tapioca (i.e., cassava and maniac), sweet potato, and arrowroot), andthe pith of the sago palm. The starch can be selected from naturalstarch, chemically and/or physically modified starch, biotechnologicallyproduced and/or genetically modified starch and mixtures thereof.Suitable starches can also be selected from the following: ahipa, apio(arracacha), arrowhead (arrowroot, Chinese potato, jicama), baddo,bitter casava, Brazilian arrowroot, casava (yucca), Chinese artichoke(crosne), Japanese artichoke (chorogi), Chinese water chestnut, coco,cocoyam, dasheen, eddo, elephant's ear, girasole, goo, Japanese potato,Jerusalem artichoke (sunroot, girasole), lilly root, ling gaw, malanga(tanier), plantain, sweet potato, mandioca, manioc, Mexican potato,Mexican yam bean, old cocoyam, saa got, sato-imo, seegoo, sunchoke,sunroot, sweet casava, tanier, tannia, tannier, tapioca root, taro,topinambour, water chestnut, water lily root, yam bean, yam, yautia,barley, corn, sorghum, rice, wheat, oats, buckwheat, rye, kamut brandwheat, triticale, spelt, amaranth, black quinoa, hie, millet, plantagoseed husks, psyllium seed husks, quinoa flakes, quinoa, teff.

Starches that can be used for the present invention include unmodifiedstarches (amylose and amylopectin) and modified starches. By modified,it is meant that the starch can be derivatized or modified by typicalprocesses known in the art such as, e.g. esterification, etherification,oxidation, acid hydrolysis, cross-linking, and enzyme conversion.Typical modified starches include esters, such as the acetate and thehalf-esters of dicarboxylic acids/anhydrides, particularly thealkenylsuccinic acids/anhydrides; ethers, such as the hydroxyethyl andhydroxypropyl starches; oxidized starches, such as those oxidized withhypochlorite; starches reacted with cross-linking agents, such asphosphorus oxychloride, epichlorohydrin, hydrophobic cationic epoxides,and phosphate derivatives prepared by reaction with sodium or potassiumorthophosphate or tripolyphosphate, and combinations thereof. Modifiedstarches also include seagel, long-chain alkylstarches, dextrins, aminestarches, and dialdehyde starches. Unmodified starch-based binders aregenerally preferred over modified starch-based binders because they aresignificantly less expensive and produce comparable articles.

The dry ingredients, such as corn starch and wood flour are preferablypre-mixed into a homogeneous mixture before being added to the pregel.The dry/damp starch and the wood flour or fibers can be mixed to form ahomogeneous mixture using any suitable means, such as, for example, aKitchen Aid® Commercial Mixer.

Wood Flour or Fibers

In the present invention, additional fibers can be employed as part ofthe dry/damp material added to the pre-gelled starch. The fibers usedare preferably organic, and most preferably cellulose-based materials,which are chemically similar to starches in that they comprisepolymerized glucose molecules. “Cellulosic fibers” refers to fibers ofany type which contain cellulose or consist of cellulose. Plant fiberspreferred here are those of differing lengths typically in the rangefrom 600 micron to 3000 micron, principally from hemp, cotton, plantleaves, sisal, abaca, bagasse, wood (both hard wood or soft wood,examples of which include southern hardwood and southern pine,respectively), or stems, or inorganic fibers made from glass, graphite,silica, ceramic, or metal materials. The cellulosic fibers include woodfibers and wood flour. In one embodiment, 11-24% by weight of woodfibers or flour are added to the final mixture. In the preferredembodiments, wood fibers or flour comprise about at least 11%, 12%, 13%,14%,16%, 17%, and 23.3% by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition.

Wood flour and fibers are very much like rough tooth picks that havesmall barb like structures coming out from the main fiber to participatein the cross linkage process with the cooling starch melt. This propertyadds both strength and water resistance to the surface produced withinthe mold. The rapid grinding process to produce flour or short fibersby-passes the expensive and polluting processes that are used tomanufacture pulp and paper. The wood flour can be a resinous wood flour.Preferably, the wood flour is softwood flour, which contains relativelylarge amounts of resin. Moreover, softwood is used industrially on alarge scale, such as in the building trade, with the consequence that anabundance of wood flour from, for instance, saw mills, is available at alow price. Wood flours can be graded based on the mesh size the flour.In general, wood flour having a mesh size of 20-100 is suitable, and anaspect ratio or 1:8 or 1:9, or 1:10 or less.

Larger particles are considered to be fibers. The expression “fibers”refers to fine, thin objects restricted in their length, the lengthbeing greater than the width. They can be present as individual fibersor as fiber bundles. Such fibers can be produced in a manner known tothose skilled in the art. Preferred fibers have a low length to diameterratio and produce materials of excellent strength and light weight. Ingeneral, the fibers used in the invention will have an aspect ration ofabout between 1:2 and 1:10; 1:2 and 1:9; 1:2 and 1:8; 1:2 and 1:7; 1:2and 1:6; 1:2 and 1:5; 1:2 and 1:4; 1:2 and 1:3; 1:2 and 1:2; or 1:2 and1:9.9.

It should also be understood that some fibers, such as southern pine andabaca, have high tear and burst strengths, while others, such as cotton,have lower strength but greater flexibility. In the case where betterplacement, higher flexibility, and higher tear and burst strength aredesired, a combination of fibers having varying aspect ratios andstrength properties can be added to the mixture.

In an additional aspect of the present invention, it is recognized thatto decrease the residual odor of the wood in the final product, theamount of paper pulp can be increased to 50%, or 30-50%, by weight ofthe final mixture, and the amount of wood flour or fiber can bedecreased to 0%.

Additional materials

In addition to the dry/damp starch and the wood flour, the homogenousmixture can also include one or more additional materials depending ondesired characteristics of the final product. Natural earth fillers canbe included for a stronger product. Suitable fillers include but are notlimited to clays such as bentonite, amorphous raw products such asgypsum (calcium sulfate dehydrate) and calcium sulfate, minerals such aslimestone and man made materials such as fly ash. These natural earthfillers are able to take part in the cross linking and binding thatoccurs during the molding process. Other examples of useful fillersinclude perlite, vermiculite, sand, gravel, rock, limestone, sandstone,glass beads, aerogel, xerogels, seagel, mica, clay, synthetic clay,alumina, silica, fused silica, tabular alumina, kaolin, microspheres,hollow glass spheres, porous ceramic spheres, calcium carbonate, calciumaluminate, lightweight polymers, xonotlite (a crystalline calciumsilicate gel), lightweight expanded clays, hydrated or unhydratedhydraulic cement particles, pumice, exfoliated rock, and other geologicmaterials. Partially hydrated and hydrated cement, as well as silicafume, have a high surface area and give excellent benefits such as highinitial cohesiveness of the freshly formed article. Even discardedinorganically filled materials, such as discarded containers or otherarticles of the present invention can be employed as aggregate fillersand strengtheners. It will also be appreciated that the containers andother articles of the present invention can be easily and effectivelyrecycled by simply adding them to fresh moldable mixtures as anaggregate filler. Hydraulic cement can also be added in either itshydrated or unhydrated form. Both clay and gypsum can be importantaggregate materials because they are readily available, relativelyinexpensive, workable, form easily, and can also provide a degree ofbinding and strength if added in high enough amounts (for example in thecase of gypsum hemihydrate). Because gypsum hemihydrate can react withthe water within the moldable mixture, it can be employed as a means forholding water internally within the molded article. Preferably, theinorganic materials are added in an amount from up to approximately 5%,0-4%, 0-13%, 2-13% or 0-15% by weight of the weight of the finalcomposition.

Because of the wide variety of agents that can be used as fillers,preferred concentration ranges are difficult to calculate. For bentoniteclay a preferred range is from about 2.5-4% of the weight of the finalmixture. The additional agents can be predisolved or can be added dry. Apreferred clay slurry is 20% bentonite clay in water.

In addition, further cellulose-based thickening agents can be added,which can include a wide variety of cellulosic ethers, such asmethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxymethylethylcellulose,carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethylpropylcellulose,hydroxypropyimethyiceiiuiose, and the like. Other naturalpolysaccharide-based thickening agents include, for example, alginicacid, phycocolloids, agar, gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, gumkaraya, xanthan gum, and gum tragacanth. Suitable protein-basedthickening agents include, for example, Zein®. (a prolamine derived fromcorn), collagen (derivatives extracted from animal connective tissuesuch as gelatin and glue), and casein (derived from cow's milk).Suitable synthetic organic thickening agents include, for example,polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinylmethyl ether, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylic acid salts,polyvinyl acrylic acids, polyvinyl acrylic acid salts, polyacrylamides,ethylene oxide polymers, polylactic acid, and latex. Latex is a broadcategory that includes a variety of polymerizable substances formed in awater emulsion. An example is styrene-butadiene copolymer. Additionalcopolymers include: vinyl acetate, acrylate copolymers, butadienecopolymers with styrene and acetonitrile, methylacrylates, vinylchloride, acrylamide, fluorinated ethylenes. Hydrophilic monomers can beselected from the following group: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide,N-isopropyl acrylamide, N,N-diethylacryl-amide, N-ethylmethacrylamide,2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid, and others, and can be used for thepreparation of hydrolytically degradable polymeric gels. Suitablehydrophobic monomers can be selected from the 2-acetoxyethylmethacrylate group of monomers comprising dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, tert-butylacrylamide, n-butylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and hexyl acrylate. The polymerizationcan be carried out in solvents, e.g. in dimethylsulfoxide,dimethylformamide, water, alcohols as methanol and ethanol, using commoninitiators of the radical polymerization. The hydrophilic gels arestable in an acidic environment at pH 1-5. Under neutral or weakalkaline conditions at pH above 6,5, the gels degrade. The gelsmentioned above are nontoxic as well as the products of theirbiodegradation.

Other coplymers include: aliphatic polyester, polycaprolactone,poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid, poly-3-hydroxyvaleric acid, polyglycolicacid, copolymers of glycolic acid and lactic acid, and polylactide, PVS,SAN, ABS, phenoxy, polycarbonate, nitrocellulose, polyvinylidenechloride, a styrene/allyl alcohol copolymer, polyethylene,polypropylene, natural rubber, a sytrene/butadiene elastomer and blockcopolymer, polyvinylacetate, polybutadiene, ethylene/propylene rubber,starch, and thermoplastic segmented polyurethane, homopolymers, orcopolymers of polyesters, polyorthoesters, polylactides, polyglycolides,polycaproiactones, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates, pornoacids, pseudopolyamino acids, polyamides and polyanhydrides,homopolymers and copolymers of polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone (PCL), polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyaminoacids,pseudopolyaminoacids, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates,polyphophazenes, and polyalkylcyanoacrylates.

Additional polymers that can be added include: citrates, diethyl citrate(DEC), triethyl citrate (TEC), acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), tributylcitrate (TBC), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), phthalates such asdimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), triethyl phthalate(TEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate, glycol ethers such asethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether,ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether(Transcutol™), propylene glycol monotertiary butyl ether, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether, n-methyl pyrrolidone, 2 pyrrolidone(2-Pyrrol™), propylene glycol, glycerol, glyceryl dioleate, ethyloleate, benzylbenzoate, glycofurol sorbitol sucrose acetate isobutyrate,butyryltri-n-hexyl-citrate, acetyltri-n-hexyl citrate, sebacates such asdibutyl sebacate, tributyl sebacate, dipropylene glycol methyl etheracetate (DPM acetate), propylene carbonate, propylene glycol laurate,propylene glycol caprylate/caprate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, gammabutyrolactone, polyethylene glycols (PEG), glycerol and PEG esters ofacids and fatty acids (Gelucires™, Labrafils™ and Labrasol™) such asPEG-6 glycerol mono oleate, PEG-6 glycerol linoleate, PEG-8 glycerollinoleate, PEG-4 glyceryl caprylate/caprate, PEG-8 glycerylcaprylate/caprate, polyglyceryl-3-oleate, polyglyceryl-6-dioleate,polyglyceryl-3-isostearate, PEG-32 glyceryl laurate (Gelucire 44/1™),PEG-32 glyceryl palmitostearate (Gelucire 50/13™), PEG-32 glycerylstearate (Gelucire 53/10™), glyceryl behenate, cetyl palmitate, glyceryldi and tri stearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, and glyceryl triacetate(Triacetin™), vegetable oils obtained from seeds, flowers, fruits,leaves, stem or any part of a plant or tree including cotton seed oil,soy bean oil almond oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, sesame oil. The useof two or more plasticizers in a combination or blend of varying ratiosand hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is also encompassed by the presentinvention. Plasticizers also include: phthalates, glycol ethers,n-methyl pyrrolidone, 2 pyrrolidone, propylene gycol, glycerol, glyceryldioleate, ethyl oleate, benzylbenzoate, glycofurol sorbitol, sucroseacetate isobutyrate, butyryltri-n-hexyl-citrate, acetyltri-n-hexylcitrate, sebacates, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate (DPMacetate), propylene carbonate, propylene glycol laurate, propyleneglycol caprylate/caprate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, gammabutyrolactone, polyethylene glycols (PECs), vegetable oils obtained fromseeds, flowers, fruits, leaves, stem or any part of a plant or treeincluding cotton seed oil, soy bean oil, almond oil, sunflower oilpeanut oil, sesame oil, glycerol and PEG esters of acids and fattyacids, polyglyceryl-3-oleate, polyglyceryl-6-dioleate,polyglyceryl-3-isostearate, PEG-32 glyceryl laurate, PEG-32 glycerylpalmitostearate, PEG-32 glyceryl stearate, glyceryl behenate, cetylpalmitate, glyceryl di and tri stearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, andglyceryl triacetate. These materials can also be added in combinationwith other polymers to improve flexibility.

The addition of these items will increase the efficiency of productionof the product on an item basis. Baking powder and other materials, suchas leavening agents, which release gases, (e.g., sodium or calciumbicarbonates or carbonates) can be included in the compositions of theinvention to elevate the number of open cells in the final structure byintroducing a source of carbon dioxide gas which is released in themold.

Glycerol, microcrystalline wax, fatty alcohols and other similar organicmolecules can be added as a mold release agent, and to produce asmoother surface on the finished product. Examples of agents that can beadded, either as plasticizers or as mold releasing agents are ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butandiol,1,3-butandiol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentandiol, 1,5-bexandiol,1,6-hexandiol, 1,2,6-hexantriol, 1,3,5-hexantriol,neopentylglycol,sorbitol acetate, sorbitol diacetate, sorbitol monoethoxylate, sorbitoldiethoxylate, sorbitol hexaethoxylate, sorbitol dipropoxylate,arrunosorbitol, trihydroxymethylaminomethane, glucose/PEG, the reactionproduct of ethylene oxidewith glucose, trimethylolpropanemonoethoxylate, mannitol monoacetate, mannitol monoethoxylate, butylglucoside, glucose monoethoxylate, a-methyl glucoside, the sodium saltof carboxymethylsorbitol, polyglycerol monoethoxylate, erythritol,pentaerythritol, arabitol, adonitol, xylitol, mannitol, iditol,galactitol, allitol, sorbitol,polyhydric alcohols generally, esters ofglycerin, formarnide, N-methylformamide, DMSO, mono- and diglycerides,alkylarruides, polyols, trimethylolpropane, polyvinylalcohol with from 3to 20 repeating units, polyglycerols with from 2 to 10 repeating units,and derivatives of the foregoing. Examples of derivatives includeethers, thiethers, inorganic and organic esters, acetals, oxidationproducts, arnides, and aniines. These agents can be added from 0-10%,preferably 3-4% (w/w). A consideration of the inventive mixture shouldbe that the composition preferabiy coniaiLis at least 75%, morepreferably at least 95% of natural or organic-derived materials byweight of the homogenous moldable composition. Preparation of moldedarticles The starch-wood flour mixture, with any included additives, isadded to the pre-gelled starch and mixed (for example with a KitchenAid® Commercial Mixer) until a homogeneous mixture is generated. Themixture can be as thick as peanut butter or as thin as a pancake batter.Varying amounts of additional water can by added to facilitate differenttypes of molding, since the form of the pre-molded [green] product isdependent on the mold, heating rate and drying/melt time. If the productis to be molded by classic injection methods the material is thinner, ifthe material is molded on the equipment described below the mixture isthicker. The material can also be rolled into green sheets and molded,extruded and made into dry pellets for other processes. The means ofproduction for the product could be created from any of several possibleprocess approaches. One specific methodology is described below, butthis description is intended only to describe one possible means ofproduction, and shall not be construed in any way to represent alimitation to the outlined approach. While the compression moldingprocess detailed herein is useful, other types of compression molding,injection molding, extrusion, casting, pneumatic shaping, vacuummolding, etc can be used. One embodiment involves a means of productionincorporating moving upper and lower continuous track assemblies eachwith an upper and lower substantially elongated horizontal section, andwith a curved portion of track joining the upper and lower horizontalsection for each of the upper and lower tracks. Riding in each of thetrack assemblies is a linked belt made from any material or combinationof materials that allows the belt or belt assembly to be in constant orintermittent motion about the tracks. The track assemblies are locatedvertically such that the upper portion of the lower track and the lowerportion of the upper track are in close proximity such that the belts ofeach track move at a synchronized speed and in a common direction. Inthis embodiment, the male mold portion is mounted to the belt followingthe upper track, and the female portion of the mold is mounted to thebelt following the lower track, with the tracks synchronized in afashion that causes the mold halves to join and close as they mergebetween the upper and lower tracks. In this embodiment, the material tobe processed is deposited into the female mold half prior to the moldhaves closing, or is injected into the mold after it has been closed.The track and belt assemblies hold the mold halves together duringdrying by any of a number of, or combination of, methods includingwithout limitation spring force, pneumatic force, or mechanicalcompression. Other forcing methods are possible. One possiblearrangement of the curved end of the tracks aligns them such that thelower tracks' upper horizontal section are located to start before theupper tracks' lower horizontal section to allow the female mold half onthe upper section of the lower track to assume a substantiallyhorizontal orientation prior to the male mold half attached to uppertrack, thereby allowing the female mold half to receive depositedmaterial before it engages the corresponding male mold half merging fromthe upper track and belt assembly. Other aspects that can beincorporated in this embodiment include, removable cavity inserts and ormultiple cavities in the molds: heating of the molds or product to speeddrying by electric, microwave, hot gas, friction, ultrasonic, or anyother means: on the fly cleaning of the molds, on the fly coating ofproduct with any of a number of coating agents.

In another embodiment, once the moldable mixture has been prepared, itis positioned within a heated mold cavity. The heated mold cavity cancomprise many different embodiments, including molds typically used inconventional injection molding processes and die-press molds broughttogether after placing the inorganically filled mixture into the femalemold. In one preferred embodiment, for example, the moldable mixture isplaced inside a heated female mold. Thereafter, a heated male mold iscomplementarily mated with the heated female mold, thereby positioningthe mixture between the molds. As the mixture is heated, thestarch-based binder gelates, increasing the viscosity of the mixture.Simultaneously, the mixture increases in volume within the heated moldscavity as a result of the formation of gas bubbles from the evaporatingsolvent, which are initially trapped within the viscous matrix. Byselectively controlling the thermodynamic parameters applied to themixture (e.g., pressure, temperature, and time), as well as theviscosity and solvent content, the mixture can be formed into aform-stable article having a selectively designed cellular structuralmatrix.

In a non-limiting embodiment, a temperature between 195-225° C.,preferably 200° C. is used for baking for a time period of 60-90seconds, preferably 75 seconds. Temperatures can vary based on thearticle bring manufactured, for example, 200° C. is preferred for therapid production of thin-walled articles, such as cups. Thicker articlesrequire a longer time to remove the solvent and are preferably heated atlower temperatures to reduce the propensity of burning the starch-basedbinder and fiber. Leaving the articles within the locked molds too longcan also result in cracking or deformation of the articles.

The temperature of the mold can also effect the surface texture of themolds. Once the outside skin is formed, the solvent remaining within theinterior section of the mixture escapes by passing through minuteopenings in the outside skin and then traveling between the skin and themold surface to the vent holes. If one mold is hotter than the other,the laws of thermodynamics would predict, and it has been empiricallyfound, that the steam will tend to travel to the cooler mold. As aresult, the surface of the article against the hotter mold will have asmoother and more uniform surface than the surface against the coolermold.

A variety of articles can be produced from the processes andcompositions of the present invention. The terms “article” and “articleof manufacture” as used herein are intended to include all goods thatcan be formed using the disclosed process.

Coating of Molded Article

Before, during, or after any of the molding processes, coatings can beapplied to the surface of a substantially dried article for any desiredpurpose, such as to make the article more waterproof, grease and foodproduct proof, more flexible, or to give it a glossier surface. Coatingscan be used to alter the surface characteristics including sealing andprotecting the article made therefrom. Coatings can provide protectionagainst moisture, base, acid, grease, and organic solvents. They canprovide a smoother, glossier, or scuff-resistant surface, they can helpreinforce the article and coatings can also provide reflective,electrically conductive or insulative properties.

Water resistance can be achieved through the use of a water resistantlayer applied on one or both sides of the product. There are manycurrently available coatings that can be used to coat this product. Someof these are: PROTECoaT 6616B by New Coat, Inc, Zein®—a biodegradablematerial isolated from corn; poly lactic acid [PLA]—a polymer of lacticacid from fermentation feed stock; polyhydroxyalkanoates [PHA] frommicrobial fermentation; bacterial cellulose; chitosan basedpolymers—from shell fish wastes; natural waxes and oil based coatings.

Appropriate organic coatings include edible oils, melamine, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates,polyamides, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, polyethylene glycol,acrylics, polyurethane, polyethylene, polylactic acid, Biopol™ (apolyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymer), starches, soybeanprotein, polyethylene, and synthetic polymers including biodegradablepolymers, waxes (such as beeswax or petroleum based wax), elastomers,edible oils, fatty alcohols, phospholipids and other high molecularweight biochemicals, and mixtures or derivatives thereof. Biopol® ismanufactured by ICI in the United Kingdom. Elastomer, plastic, or papercoatings can aid in preserving the integrity of the article. Appropriateinorganic coatings include sodium silicate, calcium carbonate, aluminumoxide, silicon oxide, kaolin, clay, ceramic and mixtures thereof. Theinorganic coatings can also be mixed with one or more of the organiccoatings set forth above. Coatings based upon materials such as soybeanoil or Methocel®. (available from Dow Chemical), either alone or incombination with polyethylene glycol, can be applied to the surface inorder to permanently soften the article or a hinge area within thearticle.

The coating can be applied either during the forming process or afterthe article is formed. The coating can be formed during the formingprocess by adding a coating material that has approximately the samemelting temperature as the peak temperature of the mixture. As themixture is heated, the coating material melts and moves with thevaporized solvent to the surface of the article where it coats thesurface.

The coatings can be applied to the shaped articles using any coatingmeans known in the art of manufacturing paper, paperboard plastic,polystyrene, sheet metal, or other packaging materials, including blade,puddle, air-knife, printing, Dahlgren, gravure, and powder coating.Coatings can also be applied by spraying the article with any of thecoating materials listed below or by dipping the article into a vatcontaining an appropriate coating material. These materials can beapplied either as a thin film or can be sprayed/dipped onto the product.The apparatus used for coating will depend on the shape of the article.For example, cups will usually be coated differently than flat plates.Bonding processes for application of thin films of water-resistantmaterial are known in the art. Each of these coatings are biodegradableand should not significantly impact the compostability of the product.The second method of improving the water resistance of the product is toadd one or more biodegradable materials to the material either beforemolding or as part of the molding process. In each of these cases thebasic composition of the product will remain fairly constant.

A waterproof coating is desirable for articles intended to be in contactwith water. As the articles having a starch-based binder have a highaffinity for water, the preferred coatings are non-aqueous and have alow polarity. Appropriate coatings include paraffin (synthetic wax);shellac; xylene-formaldehyde resins condensed with4,4′-isopropylidenediphenolepichlorohydrin epoxy resins; drying oils;reconstituted oils from triglycerides or fatty acids from the dryingoils to form esters with various glycols (butylene gylcol, ethyleneglycol), sorbitol, and trimethylol ethane or propane; synthetic dryingoils including polybutadiene resin; natural fossil resins includingcopal (tropical tree resins, fossil and modern), damar, elemi, gilsonite(a black, shiny asphaltitc, soluble in turpentine), glycol ester ofdamar, copal, elemi, and sandarac (a brittle, faintly aromatictranslucent resin derived from the sandarac pine of Africa), shellac,Utah coal resin; rosins and rosin derivatives including rosin (gumrosin, tall oil rosin, and wood rosin), rosin esters formed by reactionwith specific glycols or alcohols, rosin esters formed by reactionformaldehydes, and rosin salts (calcium resinate and zinc resinate);phenolic resins formed by reaction of phenols with formaldehyde;polyester resins; epoxy resins, catalysts, and adjuncts;coumarone-indene resin; petroleum hydrocarbon resin (cyclopentadienetype); terpene resins; urea-formaldehyde resins and their curingcatalyst; triazine-formaldehyde resins and their curing catalyst;modifiers (for oils and alkyds, including polyesters); vinyl resinoussubstances (polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol,etc.); cellulosic materials (carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate,ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, etc.); styrene polymers; polyethylene andits copolymers; acrylics and their copolymers; methyl methacrylate;ethyl methacrylate; waxes (paraffin type I, paraffin type II,polyethylene, sperm oil, bees, and spermaceti); melamine; polyamides;polylactic acid; Biopol® (a polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvaleratecopolymer); soybean protein; other synthetic polymers includingbiodegradable polymers; and elastomers and mixtures thereof. Biopol® ismanufactured by ICI in the United Kingdom. Appropriate inorganiccoatings include sodium silicate, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide,silicon oxide, kaolin, day, ceramic and mixtures thereof. The inorganiccoatings can also be mixed with one or more of the organic coatings setforth above.

If the articles are used as containers or for other products intended tocome into contact with foodstuffs, the coating material will preferablyinclude an FDA-approved coating. An example of a particularly usefulcoating is sodium silicate, which is acid resistant. Resistance toacidity is important, for example, where the article is a containerexposed to foods or drinks having a high acid content, such as softdrinks or juices. It is generally unnecessary to protect the articlefrom basic substances, but increased resistance to basic substances canbe provided by an appropriate polymer or wax coating, such as those usedto coat paper containers.

Polymeric coatings, such as polyethylene, are useful in forminggenerally thin layers having low density. Low density polyethylene isespecially useful in creating containers which are liquid-tight and evenpressure-tight to a certain extent. Polymeric coatings can also beutilized as an adhesive when heat sealed.

Aluminum oxide and silicon oxide are useful coatings, particularly as abarrier to oxygen and moisture. The coatings can be applied to thearticle by any means known in the art, including the use of a highenergy electron beam evaporation process, chemical plasma deposition andsputtering. Another method of forming an aluminum oxide or silicon oxidecoating involves treating article with an aqueous solution having anappropriate pH level to cause the formation of aluminum oxide or siliconoxide on the article due to the composition of the article.

Waxes and wax blends, particularly petroleum and synthetic waxes,provide a barrier to moisture, oxygen, and some organic liquids, such asgrease or oils. They also allow an article such as a container to beheat sealed. Petroleum waxes are a particularly useful group of waxes infood and beverage packaging and include paraffin waxes andmicrocrystalline waxes.

In some cases, it can be preferable for the coating to be elastomeric ordeformable. Some coatings can also be used to strengthen places wherethe articles are severely bent. In such cases, a pliable, possiblyelastomeric, coating can be preferred.

Of course, it should be understood that the starch compositions of thepresent invention can themselves be used as coating materials in orderto form a synergistic composite with, or otherwise improve theproperties of, any number of other materials. Such disparate materialssuch as paper, paperboard, molded starch-bound articles such asstarch-based foams, metals, plastics, concrete, plaster, ceramics, andthe like can be coated with starch composition.

It can be desirable to apply print or other indicia, such as trademarks,product information, container specifications, or logos, on the surfaceof the article. This can be accomplished using any conventional printingmeans or processes known in the art of printing paper or cardboardproducts, including planographic, relief, intaglio, porous, andimpactiess printing. Conventional printers include offset, Van Dam,laser, direct transfer contact, and thermographic printers. However,essentially any manual or mechanical means can be used.

In a further aspect of the present invention, it is recognized that tofacilitate the coating of the molded article, as well as for otherspecific indications, the amount of paper pulp can be increased to 50%,or 30-50%, by weight of the final mixture, and the amount of wood flouror fiber can be decreased to 0%.

When using a vacuum to form a film around the molded article, increasingthe levels of wood flour/fiber and/or paper pulp can facilitate thevacuuming process. For example, wood flour/fiber and/or paper pulplevels can be increased to 30, 40 or 50% by weight of the final mixture.

Types of Articles Produced

Materials capable of holding dry, damp and wet products have diverseuses. Containers suitable for holding dry materials can be used to holddried fruit, or raw nuts such as almonds. Containers suitable forholding damp materials can be used to hold fresh mushrooms or tomatoes(for example in groups of 4 or 6) and should be able to perform thisfunction for a period of at least about two to three weeks since normalpacking to use time is about 14 days. Damp food packing food packing canalso be used with a hot fast food item such as french fries orhamburger, in which case the container needs to last for only a shorttime, for example about one hour after addition of the damp food. Dampfood packing could also be used, in combination with an adsorbent pad,to package raw meat. In this case, the container needs to withstandexposure to the meat for a period of seven days or longer and desirablycan stand at least one cycle of freeze and thaw. If possible thispackage should be able to withstand a microwave signal. When formulatedfor holding wet foods, the containers of the invention will suitablyhave the ability to hold a hot liquid, such as a bowl of soup, a cup ofcoffee or other food item for a period of time sufficient to allowconsumption before cooling, for example within one hour of purchase.Such containers can also be used to hold a dry product that will bere-hydrated with hot water such as the soup-in-a-cup products.

Articles made from the present invention to can be manufactured into awide variety of finished articles that can presently be made plastics,paper, paperboard, polystyrene, metals, ceramics, and other materials.Merely by way of example, it is possible to manufacture the followingexemplary articles: films, bags, containers, including disposable andnondisposable food or beverage containers, cereal boxes, sandwichcontainers, “clam shell” containers (including, but not limited to,hinged containers used with fast-food sandwiches such as hamburgers),drinking straws, baggies, golf tees, buttons, pens, pencils, rulers,business cards, toys, tools, Halloween masks, building products, frozenfood boxes, milk cartons, fruit juice containers, yoghurt containers,beverage carriers(including, but not limited to, wraparound basket-stylecarriers, and “six pack” ring-style carriers), ice cream cartons, cups,french fry containers, fast food carryout boxes, packaging materialssuch as wrapping paper, spacing material, flexible packaging such asbags for snack foods, bags with an open end such as grocery bags, bagswithin cartons such as a dry cereal box, multiwell bags, sacks,wraparound casing, support cards for products which are displayed with acover (particularly plastic covers disposed over food products such aslunch meats, office products, cosmetics, hardware items, and toys),computer chip boards, support trays for supporting products (such ascookies and candybars), cans, tape, and wraps (including, but notlimited to, freezer wraps, tire wraps, butcher wraps, meat wraps, andsausage wraps); a variety of cartons and boxes such as corrugated boxes,cigar boxes, confectionery boxes, and boxes for cosmetics-, convolutedor spiral wound containers for various products (such as frozen juiceconcentrate, oatmeal, potato chips, ice cream, salt, detergent, andmotor oil, mailing tubes, sheet tubes for rolling materials (such aswrapping paper, cloth materials, paper towels and toilet paper), andsleeves; printed materials and office supplies such as books, magazines,brochures, envelopes, gummed tape, postcards, three-ring binders, bookcovers, folders, and pencils, various eating utensils and storagecontainers such as dishes, lids, straws, cutlery, knives, forks, spoons,bottles, jars, cases, crates, trays, baking trays, bowls, microwaveabledinner trays, “TV” dinner trays, egg cartons, meat packaging platters,disposable plates, vending plates, pie plates, and breakfast plates,emergency emesis receptacles (i.e., “barf bags”), substantiallyspherical objects, toys, medicine vials, ampules, animal cages, fireworkshells, model rocket engine shells, model rockets, coatings, laminates,and an endless variety of other objects.

The container should be capable of holding its contents, whetherstationary or in movement or handling, while maintaining its structuralintegrity and that of the materials contained therein or thereon. Thisdoes not mean that the container is required to withstand strong or evenminimal external forces. In fact, it can be desirable in some cases fora particular container to be extremely fragile or perishable. Thecontainer should, however, be capable of performing the function forwhich it was intended. The necessary properties can always be designedinto the material and structure of the container beforehand.

The container should also be capable of containing its goods andmaintaining its integrity for a sufficient period of time to satisfy itsintended use. It will be appreciated that, under certain circumstances,the container can seal the contents from the external environments, andin other circumstances can merely hold or retain the contents.

The terms “container” or “containers” as used herein, are intended toinclude any receptacle or vessel utilized for, e.g., packaging, storing,shipping, serving, portioning, or dispensing various types of productsor objects (including both solids and liquids), whether such use isintended to be for a short-term or a long-term duration of time.

Containment products used in conjunction with the containers are alsointended to be included within the term “containers.” Such productsinclude, for example, lids, straws, interior packaging, such aspartitions, liners, anchor pads, corner braces, corner protectors,clearance pads, hinged sheets, trays, funnels, cushioning materials, andother object used in packaging, storing, shipping, portioning, serving,or dispensing an object within a container.

The containers within the purview of the present invention can or cannot be classified as being disposable. In some cases, where a stronger,more durable construction is required, the container might be capable ofrepeated use. On the other hand, the container might be manufactured insuch a way so as to be economical for it to be used only once and thendiscarded. The present containers have a composition such that they canbe readily discarded or thrown away in conventional waste landfill areasas an environmentally neutral material.

The articles within the scope of the present invention can have greatlyvarying thicknesses depending on the particular application for whichthe article is intended. They can be as thin as about 1 mm for uses suchas in a cup. In contrast, they can be as thick as needed where strength,durability, and or bulk are important considerations. For example, thearticle can be up to about 10 cm thick or more to act as a specializedpacking container or cooler. The preferred thickness for most articlesis in a range from about 1.5 mm to about 1 cm, with about 2 mm to about6 mm preferred.

Using a microstructural engineering approach, the present invention canproduce a variety of articles, including plates, cups, cartons, andother types of containers and articles having mechanical propertiessubstantially similar or even superior to their counterparts made fromconventional materials, such as paper, polystyrene foam, plastic, metaland glass. The inventive articles can also be made at a fraction of thecost of their conventional counterparts. The minimal cost is a result ofthe relatively inexpensive aggregate which typically comprises a largepercentage of the mixture and the minimum processing energy required.

The method of the present invention provides basic methodologies whichcan be utilized with little modification and a basic material from whichproduct items can be produced by tailoring of the additives andadditional processing steps employed. The composition preferablycontains at least 75%, at least 85% or at least 95% or more of naturalor organic-derived materials by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are presented in order to more specifically teachcompositions and process conditions for forming the thermoplastic starchcompositions according to the present invention, as well as articlestherefrom. The examples include various mix designs, as well as variousprocesses for manufacturing thermoplastic starch compositions, includingsheets, films, pellets, containers, and other articles of manufacture.

Examples of Articles Formed From Pregelled Starch Suspensions ExampleMixture A

-   -   31.5 gm of 5% potato starch gel    -   18 gm of dry corn starch    -   6 gm of dry wood flour [60 mesh soft wood]

Test characteristics—the thick stiff mixture was flat molded in a 4″×4″flat mold at a low pressure (between 2 and 3 psi) to a thickness of 3mm. The mold temperature was 250° C. 25 grams of the mixture was molded.The test item was both dry and strong after molding. The strength testwas 9 (on a scale of 10, with 1=breaks with little resistance and10=breaks with significant resistance. A styrofoam tray for meat=8 onthis scale and a styrofoam burger clamshell box=5). This mixture was totest a thick mixture and was determined that for a complete molded testitem the mixture had to pre shaped into a flat rolled sheet about 2″square.

Example Mixture B

-   -   5 gm 5% potato starch gel    -   19.5 gm of 15% corn starch gel 5 gm of 80 mesh softwood flour    -   0.125 gm baking powder—[added to elevate the number of open        cells in the final structure by introducing a source of carbon        dioxide released by heat and water.]

The flat test [2-3 psi and 250° C. mold] item was dry and had a largenumber of air cells in the cross linked test pad. The strength test was2 indicating that items molded from this mixture would be used for lowbreakage packaging, such as shock spacers.

Example Mixture C

-   -   16.3% 3% potato starch gel    -   5.9% dry corn starch    -   14% 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1% dry baking powder    -   1% glycerol—[added to produce a product that would release from        the mold and to produce a smoother surface on the finished        product.]

The flat test [2-3 psi and 250 deg C. mold] item has a stronger strengthindex of 4, greater than mixture C with the same open cell structure.This mixture will allow for a stronger product, while still retainingthe open cell structure for items such as spacers in packing boxes,e.g., dimpled trays to separate layers of apples in a packing box. Thisitem would, as mixture C, provide good shock protection [crushstrength].

Example Mixture D

-   -   25% of a 3% potato starch gel    -   57% of a 15% corn starch gel    -   17% 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1% baking powder

To this mixture was added various amounts of natural material fillers ina effort to reduce the cost per item. In this test group powderedcalcium carbonate or bentonite clay was added to the potato starch gelbefore mixing with the corn starch/wood flour mix. At low levels [up to5% there is no effect on the strength or amount of entrapped airpockets, suggesting that low levels of these two fillers areappropriate]. At higher levels the basic formulation had to be changedto accommodate the chemical and physical changes that the fillersproduced.

Example Mixture E

-   -   10 gms of a gel mix of 5% potato starch & 20% bentonite clay    -   6 gms of dry corn starch    -   7 gms of 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1 gm glycerol    -   6 grams of water

Test characteristics—the thick stiff mixture was flat molded in a 4″×4″flat mold at a low pressure [between 2 and 3 psi] to a thickness of 3mm. The mold temperature was 250° C. 25 grams of the mixture was molded.The test item was both dry and strong after molding. The strength testwas 7 with a high level of entrained air pockets. This type of productis hard and has a high degree of strength for use as a primary package.The inclusion of the clay produces a product with higher strength, inaddition to reducing the unit cost.

Example F

-   -   16.3 gms of a 5% potato starch gel    -   5.9 gms of dry corn starch    -   3.8 gms of 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1 gm of glycerol

Test characteristics—the thick mixture was flat molded in a 4″×4″ flatmold at a low pressure [between 2 and 3 psi] to a thickness of 3 mm. Themold temperature was 250° C. 25 grams of the mixture was molded. Thetest item was both dry and strong after molding. The strength test was 8with a very high level of entrained air pockets.

Example G

-   -   15.1 gms of a 5% potato starch gel    -   9.1 gms of dry corn starch    -   4.3 gms of 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1 gm of glycerol

Test characteristics—the somewhat thick mixture was flat molded in a4″×4″ flat mold at a low pressure (between 2 and 3 psi) to a thicknessof 3 mm. The mold temperature was 250° C. 25 grams of the mixture wasmolded. The test item was both dry and strong after molding. Thestrength test was 9 with a high level of entrained air pockets. Thismixture is the strongest of the basic formula tests using a mixture thatwas thick. The next test was to use the same basic formula but withadditional water to allow the mixture to be injected as a thinner mix.

Example H

-   -   15.1 gms of a 5% potato starch gel    -   9.1 gms of dry corn starch    -   4.3 gms of 80 mesh softwood flour    -   1 gm glycerol    -   4 gms of water

Test characteristics—the thinner mixture was flat molded in a 4″×4″ flatmold at a low pressure (between 2 and 3 psi) to a thickness of 3 mm. Themold temperature was 250° C. 25 grams of the mixture was molded. Thetest item was both dry and strong after molding. The strength test was 9with a high level of entrained air pockets. The addition of more waterallowed the product to fill the mold more quickly thereby producing aproduct with strength similar to styrofoam (2 mm thickness standardproduction). Three millimeter thick trays were made by molding forvarious times between 3 and 5 minutes at temperatures between 300 and375° F. using the following formulations. Satisfactory products wereobtained.

Example I

-   -   10.8 gm wood flour [6020 grade]    -   23.2 gm corn starch    -   41.8 gm 5% pre-gelled potato starch in water    -   12 gm 20% bentonite clay slurry in water

Example J

-   -   10.8 gm of wood flour [6020 grade]    -   23.2 gm corn starch    -   41.8 gm of 7.5% pre-gelled potato starch in water

2 mm thick tray were molded at various between 45 seconds and 2 minutesat temperatures between 350 and 450° F. using the followingformulations. Satisfactory products were obtained.

Example K

-   -   10.8 gm wood flour [4025 grade]    -   23.2 gm corn starch    -   3.3 gm potato starch    -   41.8 gm 10% pre-gelled potato starch in water

Example L

-   -   10.8 gm wood flour [4025 grade]    -   23.2 gm corn starch    -   3.1 gm potato starch    -   3.3 gm bentonite clay    -   41.8 gm of 10% pre-gelled potato starch in water

These trays (in the above examples) have also been coated with a thinfilm of food grade polymer and/or food grade paraffin wax A specificaspect of this product is the observation that the addition ofcomponents is very important. When the dry ingredients, such as cornstarch and wood flour are added to the potato starch gel, withoutpremixing into a homogenous mixture, the product suffers a dramaticreduction in strength and will not spread evenly in the mold, producingopen voids and unfilled corners. The observation of specific additionwas seen in a dozen or more trial mixtures that used a different orderof mixing of components. In addition the surface of the molded productcan be rough vs the smooth surface of sequentially mixed products. Morerecently the product was tested in a three dimensional mold, usingclassic compression molding techniques, i.e., heated mold with aconstant pressure applied during the process. In these test therequirement for a specific order of mixing was also observed and whenthis order was not observed the finished product suffered significantproblems, including incomplete product spread during the moldingprocess, reduction in smoothness of the molded product and a reductionin strength, as measured by classic penetrometer methods.

Example M

-   -   1. Form pregelled paper potato starch suspension:        -   57.5 g potato starch: 8.5%        -   43.2 g recycled paper pulp: 6.3%        -   575 g water: 85%            Add components, heat to 60-70° C. (ideal) 65° C. with mixing            on high speed with a wire whisk to form gel. Once gelled, it            is a stable gel that can be cooled, refrigerated, etc, but            not frozen.    -   2. Premix the following materials:        -   92.3 g wood flour (aspect ratio 1:4)        -   132.7 g potato starch        -   159 g corn starch    -   to form homogeneous mixture    -   3. Add homogenous mixture of wood and starches with the        pregelled paper potato starch, mix with a dough hook mixer on        low speed        This mixture is stable and can be cooled, refrigerated, etc, but        not frozen.    -   4. Place mixture into mold (50-55 g) and bake at 195-225° C.        (ideal 215° C.) for 60-90 seconds (ideal 75)    -   5. Coating: Especially like PROTECoaT 6616B by New Coat, Inc,        commercial, biodegradable, acrylic based, FDA approved for food

Examples of Articles Formed From Pregelled Paper Starch SuspensionsExample N

-   -   1. Form pregelled paper potato starch suspension:        -   57.5 g dry potato starch: 8.5%        -   42.31 g recycled paper pulp: 6.2%        -   580 g water: 85.3%

Add components in a mixer, heat to 60-70° C. (ideal temp 65° C.) withmixing on low RPM with a wire whisk to form gel. When the paper pulp isdispersed, and as the temperature begins to rise (above 30° C.), the RPMof the mixer is increased until the maximumum RPM is reached. Theheating continues until the temp reaches 65° C. At this time, themixture is a homogeneous gel suspension. The heat is turned off andbeater heads changed to classic dough hook and speed is lowered to 10%of maximum (KitchenAid®). Alternatively, for smaller batches, see forexample, step #2 below, the mixing is done by hand. Once gelled, it is astable gel that can be cooled, refrigerated, etc, but not frozen.

-   -   2. Premix the following materials:        -   4.8 g wood flour (aspect ratio 1:4 or less)        -   6.9 g potato starch        -   8.3 g corn starch    -   to form homogeneous mixture    -   3. Add homogenous mixture of wood and starches to 29.9 g of the        pregelled paper potato starch, mix with a dough hook mixer on        low speed. This mixture is stable and can be cooled or        refrigerated, but not frozen.    -   4. Place mixture into mold (50-55 g) and bake at 195-225° C.        (ideal 215° C.) for 60-90 seconds (ideal 75° C.)    -   5. Coating: Especially like PROTECoaT 6616B by New Coat, Inc,        commercial, biodegradable, acrylic based, FDA approved for food.

The following examples and formulas work with both the compressionmolding process and injection molding processes to produce strongproducts as measured by pentrometers. In addition, these examples andformulas produce products with thicknesses between 1.5 and 3.0 mm, forexample, thicknesses of 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm, 2.0 mm or 3.0 mm.

List of Weight in grams mixed by Formula ID # Ingredients O P Q R 4025wood flour 4.8 4.8 4.5 5.0 Potato starch 6.9 5.9 6.5 7.2 Corn starch 8.39.3 7.8 8.6 paper pulp 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 10% Potato starch gel 29.9  29.9 31   28.9  Total wt. Molded 52.1  52.1  51.9  52.0 

Each modification listed in the above table is based on what works bestfor a specific flexibility and/or method of molding. For example, as youchange the concentration of potato starch, the flexibility will change.

List of Weight in grams mixed by Formula ID # Ingredients S T 4025 woodflour 6.7 4.8 Potato starch 9.6 6.9 Corn starch 11.6 8.3 paper pulp 3.12.2 10% Potato starch gel 41.8 29.9 Total wt. Molded 72.8 52.0 Thicknessof Mold 3 mm. 2 mm. (deeper sides than #T) U-1 U-2 U-3 4025 wood flour3.3 5.6 3.5 Potato starch 6.2 10.5 6.6 Corn starch 6.1 10.3 6.5 paperpulp 1.8 3.0 1.9 10% Potato starch gel 27.6 46.6 29.4 Total wt. Molded45 76.0 48 Thickness of Mold 2 mm. 3 mm. 2 mm. V-1 V-2 V-3 4025 woodflour 4.8 8.2 5.4 Potato starch 6.9 11.8 7.8 Corn starch paper pulp 1.83.1 2.0 10% Potato starch gel 29.9 51.0 33.8 Total wt. Molded 43.4 74.049 Thickness of Mold 2 mm. 3 mm. 2 mm. W-1 W-2 4025 wood flour 3.8 6.3Potato starch 6.9 11.5 Corn starch 2 3.3 paper pulp 1.8 3.0 10% Potatostarch gel 29.8 49.8 Total wt. Molded 44.4 74.0 Thickness of Mold 2 mm.3 mm.

The invention has been described with reference to various specific andpreferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understoodthat many variations and modifications will be obvious to those skilledin the art from the foregoing detailed description of the invention andmay be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of theinvention.

1. A process for forming a biodegradable material by comprising: (a)forming a pre-gelled starch suspension, “the pre-gel,”produced fromapproximately 2.5-15% potato starch by weight of the pre-gel, andapproximately 75-97% water by weight of the pre-gel such that thepre-gelled suspension is maintained at temperatures between 0-60° C.;(b) mixing together wood fibers or wood flour having an aspect ratiobetween approximately 1:2 and 1:8, a pre-gelled starch suspensionproduced from approximately 15% corn starch by weight of the pre-gel andapproximately 85% water by weight of the pre-gel, and a native starch toform a homogeneous mixture; (c) adding to the pre-gelled starchsuspension the homogeneous mixture to form a final homogenous moldablecomposition; and (d) molding the homogenous moldable composition withheat to form a biodegradable material.
 2. The process of claim 1 whereinthe native starch is corn starch.
 3. The process of claim 2 whereinapproximately 50-70% by weight of the homogenous mixture of corn starchis added.
 4. The process of claim 2 wherein approximately 57-65% byweight of the homogenous mixture of corn starch is added.
 5. The processof claim 1 wherein the native starch is potato starch.
 6. The process ofclaim 5 wherein approximately 5-60% by weight of the homogenous mixtureof potato starch is added.
 7. The process of claim 5 whereinapproximately 15-30% by weight of the homogenous mixture of potatostarch is added.
 8. A process for forming a biodegradable materialcomprising: (a) forming a pre-gelled paper starch suspension, the“pre-gel”, that is maintained at temperatures between 0-60° C.; (b)adding to the pre-gelled paper starch suspension a dry or damp,homogeneous mixture containing at least wood fiber, or wood flour havingan aspect ratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8 to form a homogeneousmoldable composition; and (c) molding the homogeneous moldablecomposition with heat to form a biodegradable material.
 9. The processof claim 8, further comprising adding a material selected from thefollowing list to the wood fibers to form a homogeneous mixture: (i)waxes, fatty alcohols, phospholipids or glycerol; (ii) approximately0.5-20% water by weight of the homogenous moldable composition; (iii)baking powder; (iv) natural earth fillers, glycerol, clay, bentonite,kaolin, amorphous raw products, gypsum or calcium sulfate, minerals,limestone, or man made inert fillers; and/or (v) cellulose-basedmaterials.
 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the cellulose-basedmaterial is methylcellulose.
 11. The process of claim 9, wherein thecellulose-based material is ethylcellulose.
 12. The process of claim 8,wherein the pregelled starch suspension is produced from approximately2.5-15% starch by weight of the pre-gel, and from approximately 85-97.5%of water by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.
 13. Theprocess of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension is producedfrom approximately 2.5-5.5% starch and from approximately 94.5-97.5%water by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.
 14. The processof claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension is produced fromapproximately 2.5-10% potato starch, and 90 to 97.5% water by weight ofthe pre-gel.
 15. The process of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starchsuspension is produced from approximately 15% corn starch by weight ofthe pre-gel.
 16. The process of claim 8, wherein the pregelled paperstarch solution is produced from approximately 5-10% paper pulp byweight of the pre-gel, approximately 5-15%, natural starch, andapproximately 75-90% water by weight of the pre-gel.
 17. The process ofclaim 8, wherein the starch is corn starch or potato starch.
 18. Theprocess of claim 17, wherein corn starch comprises approximately 4-18%,by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.
 19. The process ofclaim 8, wherein the starch is a mixture of potato starch and cornstarch.
 20. The process of claim 8, wherein wood fibers or wood flourcomprise approximately 11-24% of the homogenous moldable compositionthat contains the pregelled starch solution.
 21. The process of claim 8,wherein the wood fibers or flour comprise approximately 7-11% by weightof the homogenous moldable composition that contains the pregelled paperstarch solution.
 22. The process of claim 8, wherein the wood fibers orwood flour have an aspect ratio, width to length of betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:4.
 23. The process of claim 8 that furthercomprises using pressure in combination or alternation with heat to moldthe biodegradable material.
 24. The process of claim 23, wherein thepressure is between approximately 2-3 psi.
 25. The process of claim 4,wherein the heat used to mold the biodegradable materials is betweenapproximately 150-250° C.
 26. The process of claim 8, wherein thepre-gelled starch suspension is produced from approximately 5-10% ofpotato starch.
 27. The process of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starchsuspension is produced from approximately 7% of potato starch.
 28. Theprocess of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension isapproximately 8% of potato starch.
 29. The process of claim 8, whereinthe pre-gelled starch suspension is produced from approximately 5-10% ofpaper.
 30. The process of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starchsuspension is produced from approximately 7-10% of paper.
 31. Theprocess of claims 8, wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension isproduced from approximately 8% of paper.
 32. The process of claim 8,wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension is produced from approximately9% of paper.
 33. The process of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starchsuspension is produced from approximately 80-85% of water.
 34. Theprocess of claim 8, wherein the pre-gelled starch suspension is producedfrom approximately 83% of water.
 35. The process of claim 8, wherein thepre-gelled starch suspension is produced from approximately 84% ofwater.
 36. The process of claim 8, wherein approximately 10% of woodfibers are added.
 37. The process of claim 8, wherein approximately 7%of wood fibers are added.
 38. The process of claim 8, further comprisingadding potato starch to the wood fibers.
 39. The process of claim 8,further comprising adding corn starch to the wood fibers.
 40. Theprocess of claim 8, further comprising adding potato starch and cornstarch to the wood fibers.
 41. The process of claim 8, wherein thepre-gelled starch suspension is maintained at temperatures between 0-40°C.
 42. A process for forming a biodegradable material comprising: (a)forming a pre-gelled paper starch suspension that is maintained attemperatures between 0-60° C.; (b) mixing together wood fibers or woodflour having an aspect ratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8, and anative starch to form a homogeneous mixture; (c) adding to thepre-gelled starch suspension the homogenous mixture to form a homogenousmoldable composition; and (d) molding the homogenous moldablecomposition with heat to form a biodegradable material.
 43. A processfor forming a biodegradable material comprising: (a) forming apre-gelled starch suspension produced from approximately 2-15% potatostarch by weight of the pre-gel; approximately 5-10% paper pulp byweight of the pre-gel; and approximately 75-95% water by weight of thepre-gel such that the pre-gelled suspension is maintained attemperatures between 0-60° C.; (b) mixing together wood fibers or woodflour having an aspect ratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8, nativecorn starch and native potato starch to form a homogeneous mixture; (c)adding to the pre-gelled potato starch suspension the homogeneousmixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and (d) molding thehomogenous moldable composition with heat to form a biodegradablematerial.
 44. The process of claim 43 wherein approximately at least 2.5or at least 5% by weight of the homogenous mixture of potato starch isadded.
 45. The process of claim 43 wherein approximately 6-8% of paperpulp is added.
 46. The process of claim 43 wherein the wood fibers havean aspect ratio between 1:2 and 1:4.
 47. A process comprising the stepsof: (a) forming a pre-gelled starch suspension or paper starchsuspension that is maintained at temperatures between 0-60° C.; (b)mixing together wood fibers or wood flour having an aspect ratio betweenapproximately 1:2 and 1:8, water and additional materials selected fromthe group comprising: (i) dry or damp starch; (ii) pre-gelled starch;(iii) wax, fatty alcohol, phospholipid and/or glycerol; (v) bakingpowder; and/or (vi) homogenous moldable composition of natural earthfillers, clays, bentonite, amorphous raw products, gypsum or calciumsulfate, minerals and man made materials to form a homogeneous mixture;(c) adding to the pre-gelled starch suspension the dry or damp,homogeneous mixture to form a homogenous moldable composition; and (d)molding the homogenous moldable composition with heat to form abiodegradable material.
 48. The process of claim 47, wherein the mineralis limestone.
 49. The process of claim 47, wherein the man made materialis fly ash.
 50. The process of claim 47, wherein the pregelled starchcomprises about 30% potato starch by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition.
 51. The process of claim 47, wherein the pregelled starchcomprises about 60% potato starch by weight of the homogenous moldablecomposition.
 52. The process of claim 47, wherein the corn starchcomprises about 30% by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.53. The process of claim 47, wherein the starch comprises about 60% cornstarch by weight of the homogenous moldable composition.
 54. Abiodegradable, compostable material made according to a process of antone of claims 43 or
 47. 55. The material of claim 54 that disintegratesto component parts in less than one year.
 56. The material of claim 54that disintegrates to component molecules in less than six months. 57.The material of claim 54, that disintegrates in approximately 24 days.58. The material of claim 54 coated with a suitable liquid-resistantcoating.
 59. The process of claim 58, wherein a vacuum is used to form afilm around the molded article.
 60. The material the claim 58, whereinthe coating is selected from the group consisting of: polylactic acid;poly hydroxyalkanoate; bacterial cellulose; chitosan based polymer;methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylacetate, waxes and oil basedcoatings.
 61. The material of claim 58, wherein the coating is appliedeither as a thin film, sprayed or dipped.
 62. The material of claim 54in the form of a cup.
 63. The material of claim 54 in the form of atray.
 64. The material of claim 54 in the form of a bowl.
 65. Thematerial of claim 54 in the form of a plate.
 66. The material of claim54 in the form of a utensil.
 67. The material of claim 54 in the form ofa coffee cup.
 68. The material of claim 54 in the form of a microwavedinner tray.
 69. The material of claim 54 in the form of a “TV” dinnertray.
 70. A process for creating a waterproof material comprising: (a)forming a first pre-gelled starch suspension that is maintained attemperatures between 0-60° C.; (b) mixing together wood fibers or woodflour having an aspect ratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8, andanother material selected from the group consisting of waxes, fattyalcohols, phospholipids and glycerol; (c) adding to the first pre-gelledstarch suspension the homogeneous mixture containing the wood fiber, orwood flour and another material; (d) molding the homogeneous compositionwith heat to form a biodegradable material; and (e) coating the materialwith a liquid-resistant coating.
 71. The process of claim 70, whereinthe coating is selected from the group consisting of; polylactic acid;poly hydroxyalkanoate; bacterial cellulose; chitosan based polymers;methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylacetate or waxes and oil basedcoatings.
 72. A process is provided for creating an open cell foammaterial comprising: (a) forming a first pre-gelled paper starchsuspension that is maintained at temperatures between 0-60° C.; (b)mixing together wood fibers or wood flour, having an aspect ratiobetween approximately 1:2 and 1:8, a second pre-gelled starch suspensionto form a homogeneous composition, and a source of gas; (c) adding tothe first pre-gelled starch suspension a dry or damp, homogeneousmixture containing the wood fibers or wood flour and second pre-gelledstarch; and (d) molding the homogeneous composition with heat to form abiodegradable material.
 73. A process for forming an open cell foammaterial comprising: (a) forming a pre-gelled paperstarch suspensionproduced from approximately 5-10% paper pulp, 5-15% native starch byweight of the pre-gel and approximately 75-90% water (by weight of thepre-gel) such that the pre-gelled suspension is maintained attemperatures between 0-60° C.; (b) mixing together wood fibers or woodflour having an aspect ratio between approximately 1:2 and 1:8, 16% cornstarch, 17.5% potato starch and 5% wood fibers by weight of the secondpre-gel and approximately 75-90% water by weight, and baking powder of0.4-12% baking powder by weight of the homogeneous moldable compositionto form a homogeneous mixture; (c) adding to the pre-gelled potato paperstarch suspension a homogeneous mixture containing the wood fibers orwood flour corn starch and potato starch to form a homogeneous moldablecomposition; and (d) molding the homogeneous moldable composition withheat to form a biodegradable material.